Abstract
Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria to investigate micro-climate conditions, weed densities, flowering and yield of cacao as affected by shade regimes. Established cacao plots under three plantain ( Musa spp ) shade regimes consisting of No-shade, Moderate and Dense shade were used. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), weed population and species diversity, cacao flowering and pod production were measured. From the results, air and soil temperature measurements under No-shade plots had a significantly higher mean values (32°C) and soil (28°C) compared with moderately shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26.5°C] and densely shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26°C] plots in2015 and 2016 measurements but under 2017 measurements, no significant difference in the soil temperature of the plots under dense shade, moderate and the no-shade which were ascribed to canopy close-up of the cacao that led to reduced transmitted light through the canopy to the understories species. The vigour of weeds under no-shade plots were significantly higher compared with dense and moderately shaded plots. In 2013 established cacao plot, flower production was higher significantly in no-shade compared with those in moderate and dense shaded cacao plots in 2015 and 2016 measurement. Pod production under No-shade were significantly higher compared with other treatments in 2016 and 2017. Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded plots compared with the no-shade plots. Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under No-shade plots compared with shaded treatments during the three years of data measurement. Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°C during flowering and fruit/pod setting was found to have positive influence on bean yield in cacao. The study concluded that excessive shade decreases yield of cocoa, while increases in temperature and relative humidity boosts some physiological processes for pod production in Cocoa
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Air and soil temperature under no-shade cacao plots were significantly higher than under moderately shaded plots in 2015 and 2016.
- Taxon
- cacao
Theobroma cacaoe0 - Treatment
- No-shadee1
- Outcome
- air and soil temperaturee1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 32°Ce1
- Comparator
- moderately shadede1
- Setting
- Akure, Nigeriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria”
e1“air and soil temperature measurements under No-shade plots had a significantly higher mean values (32°C) and soil (28°C) compared with moderately shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26.5°C] and densely shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26°C] plots in2015 and 2016 measurements”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2017 soil temperature did not differ significantly between dense shade, moderate shade and no-shade plots.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Treatment
- dense shadee1
- Outcome
- soil temperaturee1
- Direction
- no significant differencee1
- Comparator
- the no-shadee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria”
e1“under 2017 measurements, no significant difference in the soil temperature of the plots under dense shade, moderate and the no-shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed vigour was significantly higher under no-shade cacao plots than under dense and moderately shaded plots.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Treatment
- No-shadee1
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- vigour of weedse1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Comparator
- dense and moderately shaded plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria”
e1“The vigour of weeds under no-shade plots were significantly higher compared with dense and moderately shaded plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower production was significantly higher in no-shade cacao plots than in moderate and dense shade in 2015 and 2016.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Treatment
- no-shadee1
- Outcome
- flower productione1
- Direction
- higher significantlye1
- Comparator
- moderate and dense shaded cacao plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria”
e1“In 2013 established cacao plot, flower production was higher significantly in no-shade compared with those in moderate and dense shaded cacao plots in 2015 and 2016 measurement”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod production under no-shade was significantly higher than under the other treatments in 2016 and 2017.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Treatment
- No-shadee1
- Outcome
- Pod productione1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria”
e1“Pod production under No-shade were significantly higher compared with other treatments in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded cacao plots than in no-shade plots.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Treatment
- shaded plotse1
- Outcome
- Cherelle wilt ratee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- the no-shade plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria”
e1“Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded plots compared with the no-shade plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under no-shade than under shaded treatments over three years.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Treatment
- No-shadee1
- Outcome
- Pod yield parameterse1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Comparator
- shaded treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria”
e1“Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under No-shade plots compared with shaded treatments during the three years of data measurement”
Claim · model-written summary
Air temperature between 30°C and 33.7°C during flowering and pod setting had a positive influence on cacao bean yield.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe1
- Treatment
- Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°Ce1
- Outcome
- bean yielde1
- Direction
- positive influencee1
- Value
- 30°C to 33.7°Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°C during flowering and fruit/pod setting was found to have positive influence on bean yield in cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive shade decreases cocoa yield.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaoe1
- Treatment
- excessive shadee1
- Outcome
- yield of cocoae1
- Direction
- decreasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The study concluded that excessive shade decreases yield of cocoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Increases in temperature and relative humidity boost some physiological processes for pod production in cacao.
- Taxon
- CocoaTheobroma cacaoe1
- Treatment
- increases in temperature and relative humiditye1
- Outcome
- pod productione1
- Qualifier
- boosts some physiological processese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“while increases in temperature and relative humidity boosts some physiological processes for pod production in Cocoa”
The same questions in other papers
shade · yield · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →shade · disease · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
shade · soil: physics · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.