Abstract
Microbe-induced resistance (MIR) encompasses a broad range of plant responses that mediate both direct and indirect defenses against herbivores. However, previous studies have addressed MIR in relation to either direct or indirect defenses in isolation, overlooking potential conflicts or synergies that may arise between MIR-elicited defense strategies. We hypothesize that in multitrophic contexts, MIR-driven elicitation of direct and indirect defenses interacts, thereby shaping overall MIR phenotypes. To test this, we used two MIR-eliciting fungi: an arbuscular mycorrhizal and Trichoderma species; and the tri-trophic system including tomato plants, the herbivore Manduca sexta, and the parasitoid Cotesia congregata. We conducted a series of MIR bioassays, including performance and behavioral assays, and explored the main mechanisms underlying MIR phenotypes. We found that MIR involves a dynamic elicitation of direct and indirect defense-related traits that plastically adjust to herbivory time. Upon short-term herbivory, MIR primed jasmonate-regulated defenses, thereby enhancing the mortality of early-instar larvae. After a longer period of herbivory, MIR, especially triggered by Trichoderma, boosted green leaf volatile emissions, enhancing parasitoid attraction. Parasitoid performance was improved by MIR. Our study revealed that MIR enhances resistance by priming both direct and indirect defenses at different herbivory stages. This fosters complementary and synergistic responses, enhancing MIR phenotypes.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Microbe-induced resistance adjusted direct and indirect defense traits over herbivory time.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Outcome
- direct and indirect defense-related traitse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants”
e1“MIR involves a dynamic elicitation of direct and indirect defense-related traits that plastically adjust to herbivory time”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term herbivory with MIR primed jasmonate-regulated defenses.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- jasmonate-regulated defensese1
- Direction
- primede1
- Qualifier
- short-term herbivorye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants”
e1“Upon short-term herbivory, MIR primed jasmonate-regulated defenses”
Claim · model-written summary
MIR increased mortality of early-instar Manduca sexta larvae after short-term herbivory.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- MIRe1
- Interactor
- Manduca sexta
Manduca sextae0herbivore - Outcome
- mortality of early-instar larvaee1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants, the herbivore Manduca sexta”
e1“Upon short-term herbivory, MIR primed jasmonate-regulated defenses, thereby enhancing the mortality of early-instar larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-driven MIR boosted green leaf volatile emissions after longer herbivory.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- MIR, especially triggered by Trichodermae1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae1symbiont - Outcome
- green leaf volatile emissionse1
- Direction
- boostede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants”
e1“After a longer period of herbivory, MIR, especially triggered by Trichoderma, boosted green leaf volatile emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
MIR enhanced attraction of Cotesia congregata after longer herbivory.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- MIRe1
- Interactor
- Cotesia congregata
Cotesia congregatae0other - Outcome
- parasitoid attractione1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants, the herbivore Manduca sexta, and the parasitoid Cotesia congregata”
e1“After a longer period of herbivory, MIR, especially triggered by Trichoderma, boosted green leaf volatile emissions, enhancing parasitoid attraction”
Claim · model-written summary
MIR improved parasitoid performance.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- MIRe1
- Interactor
- Cotesia congregataCotesia congregatae0other
- Outcome
- Parasitoid performancee1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants, the herbivore Manduca sexta, and the parasitoid Cotesia congregata”
e1“Parasitoid performance was improved by MIR.”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · environment: emissions · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.