Abstract
The relationship between plants and pollinators is known to be influenced by ecological interactions with other community members. While most research has focused on aboveground communities affecting plant-pollinator interactions, it is increasingly recognized that soil-dwelling organisms can directly or indirectly impact these interactions. Although studies have examined the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on floral traits, there is a gap in research regarding similar effects associated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), particularly concerning floral scent. Our study aimed to investigate the influence of the PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the floral traits of wild (Solanum habrochaites, Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum peruvianum) and cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), as well as the impact of microbially-driven changes in floral scent on the foraging behaviour of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata. Our findings revealed that inoculating tomatoes with PGPR led to an increased number of flowers and enhanced overall floral volatile emission. Additionally, we observed higher flower biomass and pollen levels in all species, except S. peruvianum. Importantly, these changes in volatile emissions influenced the foraging behaviour of M. quadrifasciata significantly. Our results highlight the impact of beneficial soil microbes on plant-pollinator interactions, shedding light on the multiple effects that plant-microbial interactions can have on aboveground organisms.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR inoculation increased tomato flower number.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- inoculating tomatoes with PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of flowerse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculating tomatoes with PGPR led to an increased number of flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR inoculation enhanced floral volatile emission.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculating tomatoes with PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- overall floral volatile emissione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculating tomatoes with PGPR led to an increased number of flowers and enhanced overall floral volatile emission”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower biomass and pollen levels were higher in all studied tomato species except S. peruvianum.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculating tomatoes with PGPRe0
- Interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
.jpg?width=60)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0symbiont - Outcome
- flower biomass and pollen levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except S. peruvianume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Our study aimed to investigate the influence of the PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the floral traits of wild (Solanum habrochaites, Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum peruvianum) and cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), as well as the impact of microbially-driven changes in floral scent on the foraging behaviour of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata. Our findings revealed that inoculating tomatoes with PGPR led to an increased number of flowers and enhanced overall floral volatile emission. Additionally, we observed higher flower biomass and pollen levels in all species, except S. peruvianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile changes significantly influenced bee foraging behavior.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- M. quadrifasciata
Melipona quadrifasciatae0pollinator - Outcome
- foraging behaviour of M. quadrifasciatae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these changes in volatile emissions influenced the foraging behaviour of M. quadrifasciata significantly”
e1“cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
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inoculation · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
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inoculation · environment: emissions · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.