Abstract
Abstract Background Mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria are considered ecological friendly rhizonutrifying agents capable of promoting rhizospheric enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient availability even under nutrient-deficient alkaline soil conditions. However, comprehensive studies on their effectiveness in calcareous soil are lacking. The current study hypothesized that beneficial rhizobacteria improve soil biochemical properties in calcareous soil through their impact on enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient availability in the rhizosphere. Methods Rhizobacterial strains were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and characterized in vitro for their mineral solubilization potential, production of beneficial metabolites, and various enzymatic activities. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sole and co-inoculation treatments on wheat growth, grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, soil enzymatic activities, and microbial biomass accumulation in wheat rhizosphere under calcareous soil conditions. Results The most effective mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria were identified as Bacillus altitudinis (strains SAM1, SAM7, SAM13, and SAM15) and Bacillus cereus (strain SAM9) through 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. These strains demonstrated the dissolution of insoluble tricalcium phosphate, mica, zinc oxide, and manganese oxide, and promoted nutrient availability in the soil by producing organic acids. Inoculation enhanced wheat growth and grain development by promoting nutrient acquisition and stimulating rhizospheric microbial activity. Both sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and nutrient availability in the wheat rhizosphere through organic matter decomposition. Among treatments, sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 demonstrated the most dominant increase in wheat growth and grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, deposition of microbial biomass, and soil enzymatic activities. Conclusions The sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 showed strong potential as bioinoculants for calcareous soils. These strains could be effectively integrated into commercial biofertilizer formulation as sustainable alternatives or supplements to chemical fertilizers, enhancing soil productivity and crop performance. Graphical Abstract
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus altitudinis strains and Bacillus cereus SAM9 were identified as the most effective mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria by 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- Bacillus altitudinisBacillus altitudinise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereuse1symbiont - Outcome
- mineral-dissolving rhizobacteriae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e1“The most effective mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria were identified as Bacillus altitudinis (strains SAM1, SAM7, SAM13, and SAM15) and Bacillus cereus (strain SAM9) through 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing”
Claim · model-written summary
The rhizobacterial strains dissolved insoluble tricalcium phosphate, mica, zinc oxide and manganese oxide in vitro.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- dissolution of insoluble tricalcium phosphate, mica, zinc oxide, and manganese oxidee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e2“These strains demonstrated the dissolution of insoluble tricalcium phosphate, mica, zinc oxide, and manganese oxide”
Claim · model-written summary
The rhizobacterial strains promoted soil nutrient availability by producing organic acids.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- organic acidse3
- Outcome
- nutrient availability in the soile3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e3“promoted nutrient availability in the soil by producing organic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with rhizobacteria enhanced wheat growth and grain development.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione4
- Outcome
- wheat growth and grain developmente4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e4“Inoculation enhanced wheat growth and grain development by promoting nutrient acquisition and stimulating rhizospheric microbial activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased soil enzymatic activities in the wheat rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat rhizospheree5
- Treatment
- sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strainse5
- Interactor
- rhizobacterial strainse5symbiont
- Outcome
- soil enzymatic activitiese5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e5“Both sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and nutrient availability in the wheat rhizosphere through organic matter decomposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat rhizospheree5
- Treatment
- sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strainse5
- Interactor
- rhizobacterial strainse5symbiont
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphoruse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e5“Both sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and nutrient availability in the wheat rhizosphere through organic matter decomposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased nutrient availability in the wheat rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat rhizospheree5
- Treatment
- sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strainse5
- Interactor
- rhizobacterial strainse5symbiont
- Outcome
- nutrient availability in the wheat rhizospheree5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e5“Both sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and nutrient availability in the wheat rhizosphere through organic matter decomposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 gave the most dominant increase in wheat growth and grain attributes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13e7
- Interactor
- B. cereus SAM9Bacillus cereuse7symbiont
- Second interactor
- B. altitudinis SAM13Bacillus altitudinise7symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat growth and grain attributese7
- Direction
- most dominant increasee7
- Comparator
- Among treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e7“Among treatments, sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 demonstrated the most dominant increase in wheat growth and grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, deposition of microbial biomass, and soil enzymatic activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 gave the most dominant increase in nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13e7
- Interactor
- B. cereus SAM9Bacillus cereuse7symbiont
- Second interactor
- B. altitudinis SAM13Bacillus altitudinise7symbiont
- Outcome
- nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plantse7
- Direction
- most dominant increasee7
- Comparator
- Among treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e7“Among treatments, sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 demonstrated the most dominant increase in wheat growth and grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, deposition of microbial biomass, and soil enzymatic activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 gave the most dominant increase in microbial biomass deposition and soil enzymatic activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13e7
- Interactor
- B. cereus SAM9Bacillus cereuse7symbiont
- Second interactor
- B. altitudinis SAM13Bacillus altitudinise7symbiont
- Outcome
- deposition of microbial biomass, and soil enzymatic activitiese7
- Direction
- most dominant increasee7
- Comparator
- Among treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e7“Among treatments, sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 demonstrated the most dominant increase in wheat growth and grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, deposition of microbial biomass, and soil enzymatic activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 show strong potential as bioinoculants for calcareous soils.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- strong potential as bioinoculants for calcareous soilse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e7“The sole inoculation with B . cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 showed strong potential as bioinoculants for calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
The strains could be integrated into commercial biofertilizer formulations as alternatives or supplements to chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- commercial biofertilizer formulatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grown on calcareous soil”
e7“These strains could be effectively integrated into commercial biofertilizer formulation as sustainable alternatives or supplements to chemical fertilizers”
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