Abstract
Carotenoids are essential nutrient components and flesh pigments in kiwifruit. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid biosynthesis in kiwifruit remain elusive. In this study, we identified a transcription factor, AcMADS45, that is specifically expressed in fruit and exhibits a strong positive correlation with carotenoid accumulation. Overexpression of AcMADS45 in kiwifruit resulted in increased carotenoid content and upregulation of carotenoid biosynthesis genes. In contrast, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of AcMADS45 reduced carotenoid levels and downregulated the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, particularly AcBCH1/2 . Further experiments using Y1H, EMSA, and luciferase assays confirmed that AcMADS45 directly binds to the AcBCH1/2 promoters to activate their transcription. In addition, we demonstrated that AcMADS64 acts as a positive transcriptional activator and interacts with AcMADS45 to synergistically enhance AcBCH1 expression, thereby increasing the carotenoid content in kiwifruit calli. These findings provide new insights into the molecular regulation of carotenoid accumulation in nonmodel plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS45 was specifically expressed in fruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Gene
- AcMADS45e0
- Outcome
- specifically expressed in fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AcMADS45, that is specifically expressed in fruit and exhibits a strong positive correlation with carotenoid accumulation”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS45 expression correlated positively with carotenoid accumulation.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Gene
- AcMADS45e0
- Outcome
- carotenoid accumulatione0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AcMADS45, that is specifically expressed in fruit and exhibits a strong positive correlation with carotenoid accumulation”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS45 overexpression increased carotenoid content.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of AcMADS45e0
- Gene
- AcMADS45e0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of AcMADS45 in kiwifruit resulted in increased carotenoid content and upregulation of carotenoid biosynthesis genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS45 overexpression upregulated carotenoid biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of AcMADS45e0
- Gene
- AcMADS45e0
- Outcome
- carotenoid biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of AcMADS45 in kiwifruit resulted in increased carotenoid content and upregulation of carotenoid biosynthesis genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS45 silencing reduced carotenoid levels.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of AcMADS45e0
- Gene
- AcMADS45e0
- Outcome
- carotenoid levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of AcMADS45 reduced carotenoid levels and downregulated the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, particularly AcBCH1/2”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS45 silencing downregulated carotenoid biosynthesis genes, especially AcBCH1/2.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of AcMADS45e0
- Gene
- AcBCH1/2e0
- Outcome
- expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of AcMADS45 reduced carotenoid levels and downregulated the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, particularly AcBCH1/2”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS45 directly bound AcBCH1/2 promoters and activated transcription.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Gene
- AcMADS45e0
- Outcome
- activate their transcriptione0
- Qualifier
- directly binds to the AcBCH1/2 promoterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AcMADS45 directly binds to the AcBCH1/2 promoters to activate their transcription”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS64 acted as a positive transcriptional activator.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Gene
- AcMADS64e0
- Outcome
- positive transcriptional activatore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AcMADS64 acts as a positive transcriptional activator and interacts with AcMADS45”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS64 interacted with AcMADS45.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Gene
- AcMADS64e0
- Outcome
- interacts with AcMADS45e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AcMADS64 acts as a positive transcriptional activator and interacts with AcMADS45”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
AcMADS64 and AcMADS45 synergistically increased AcBCH1 expression.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Gene
- AcBCH1e0
- Outcome
- AcBCH1 expressione0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Qualifier
- synergisticallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interacts with AcMADS45 to synergistically enhance AcBCH1 expression, thereby increasing the carotenoid content in kiwifruit calli”
Claim · model-written summary
The AcMADS64–AcMADS45 interaction increased carotenoid content in kiwifruit calli.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Organ / stage
- callie0
- Gene
- AcMADS45e0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interacts with AcMADS45 to synergistically enhance AcBCH1 expression, thereby increasing the carotenoid content in kiwifruit calli”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · molecular: expression · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.