Abstract
Potassium (K) value addition in composts is often overlooked, despite its critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening. Over two years of pot experiments, Biochar Enriched Compost (BEC) and Value-Added Compost (VAC) were assessed as potential substitutes (25 to 75%) for inorganic K. Treatments comprised different combinations of BEC+SOP or VAC+SOP to evaluate their potential for improving crop performance. Results demonstrated that substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application. Integrated use of BEC and SOP or VAC and SOP enhanced K recovery efficiency (24-81%), and K agronomic use efficiency (4-25%) over SOP alone. Fruit quality was also enhanced, with higher total soluble solids (46-64%), ascorbic acid (2-15%), lycopene content (2-97%), and fruit pulp (15-32%). VAC consistently outperformed BEC, suggesting that replacing 25% inorganic K with VAC or BEC optimize K utilization, yield, and quality. This study established a baseline for K value addition during composting of organic wastes to produce nutrient-rich compost for sustainable kitchen gardening of high-quality tomatoes.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- fruits per plante2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 4-40%e2
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved plant biomass (4-12%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- plant biomasse2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 4-12%e2
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved photosynthetic rate (2-33%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 2-33%e2
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved chlorophyll content (2-25%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 2-25%e2
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved water use efficiency (6-17%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 6-17%e2
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved biological yield (4-14%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- biological yielde2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 4-14%e2
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruit yield (3-17%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- fruit yielde2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 3-17%e2
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated use of BEC or VAC with SOP enhanced K recovery efficiency (24-81%) over SOP alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Integrated use of BEC and SOP or VAC and SOPe3
- Outcome
- K recovery efficiencye3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 24-81%e3
- Comparator
- SOP alonee3
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e3“Integrated use of BEC and SOP or VAC and SOP enhanced K recovery efficiency (24-81%), and K agronomic use efficiency (4-25%) over SOP alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated use of BEC or VAC with SOP enhanced K agronomic use efficiency (4-25%) over SOP alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Integrated use of BEC and SOP or VAC and SOPe3
- Outcome
- K agronomic use efficiencye3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 4-25%e3
- Comparator
- SOP alonee3
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e3“Integrated use of BEC and SOP or VAC and SOP enhanced K recovery efficiency (24-81%), and K agronomic use efficiency (4-25%) over SOP alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC increased total soluble solids (46-64%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 46-64%e4
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
e4“Fruit quality was also enhanced, with higher total soluble solids (46-64%), ascorbic acid (2-15%), lycopene content (2-97%), and fruit pulp (15-32%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC increased ascorbic acid (2-15%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide4
- Direction
- higherinferrede4
- Value
- 2-15%e4
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
e4“Fruit quality was also enhanced, with higher total soluble solids (46-64%), ascorbic acid (2-15%), lycopene content (2-97%), and fruit pulp (15-32%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC increased lycopene content (2-97%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- lycopene contente4
- Direction
- higherinferrede4
- Value
- 2-97%e4
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
e4“Fruit quality was also enhanced, with higher total soluble solids (46-64%), ascorbic acid (2-15%), lycopene content (2-97%), and fruit pulp (15-32%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC increased fruit pulp (15-32%) relative to sole inorganic K.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VACe2
- Outcome
- fruit pulpe4
- Direction
- higherinferrede4
- Value
- 15-32%e4
- Comparator
- sole inorganic K applicatione2
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e1“Over two years of pot experiments”
e2“substituting 25 to 75% of inorganic K with BEC or VAC significantly improved fruits per plant (4-40%), plant biomass (4-12%), photosynthetic rate (2-33%), chlorophyll content (2-25%), water use efficiency (6-17%), biological yield (4-14%), and fruit yield (3-17%) compared with sole inorganic K application”
e4“Fruit quality was also enhanced, with higher total soluble solids (46-64%), ascorbic acid (2-15%), lycopene content (2-97%), and fruit pulp (15-32%)”
Claim · model-written summary
VAC consistently outperformed BEC in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- VACe5
- Outcome
- consistently outperformede5
- Direction
- outperformede5
- Comparator
- BECe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e5“VAC consistently outperformed BEC, suggesting that replacing 25% inorganic K with VAC or BEC optimize K utilization, yield, and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing 25% of inorganic K with VAC or BEC is recommended to optimize K utilization, yield and quality of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- replacing 25% inorganic K with VAC or BECe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical role in enhancing tomato yield and quality for kitchen gardening”
e5“VAC consistently outperformed BEC, suggesting that replacing 25% inorganic K with VAC or BEC optimize K utilization, yield, and quality”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.