Abstract
L.) outbreaks in paddy fields has increased in recent years, but how it impacts rice production is still under debate. This study assessed duckweed's effects on rice yield and quality under different fertilizer regimes: organic fertilizer (OF), chemical fertilizer (CF), a mix (one-third OF and two-thirds CF based on nitrogen content, COF), and no fertilizer (NF) as a control. For each fertilizer regime, two duckweed treatments were applied: duckweed coverage (Duckweed) and no duckweed coverage (Control). A light wet-dry alternate irrigation method was used in the experimental field. Averaged across all fertilizer treatments, duckweed coverage in paddy fields increased grain yield by 8.3%, mainly due to increased panicle density. Duckweed coverage increased chalky grain percentage by 17.0% under NF, but decreased it by 33.7% under CF, with nonsignificant changes under COF and OF conditions. Similar fertilizer-by-duckweed interactions were also found for chalkiness degree, white degree, breakdown and setback values of the starch rapid visco analyzer (RVA) profile, palatability index, and protein and amino acid concentrations. Duckweed coverage decreased protein and amino acid concentrations but improved the taste of cooked rice under NF, while the opposite trend was observed under CF. Duckweed coverage significantly decreased copper and zinc concentrations in milled rice, which may aggravate the "hidden hunger" risk for rice consumers.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Averaged across all fertilizer treatments, duckweed coverage in paddy fields increased rice grain yield by 8.3% relative to no duckweed coverage.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 8.3%e1
- Qualifier
- Averaged across all fertilizer treatmentse1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
- Setting
- paddy fieldse1
LemnaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Averaged across all fertilizer treatments, duckweed coverage in paddy fields increased grain yield by 8.3%”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the duckweed-associated increase in grain yield mainly to increased panicle density.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Qualifier
- increased panicle densitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“duckweed coverage in paddy fields increased grain yield by 8.3%, mainly due to increased panicle density”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no fertilizer (NF), duckweed coverage increased the chalky grain percentage of rice by 17.0% relative to no duckweed coverage.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- chalky grain percentagee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 17.0%e1
- Qualifier
- under NFe1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage increased chalky grain percentage by 17.0% under NF”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under chemical fertilizer (CF), duckweed coverage decreased the chalky grain percentage of rice by 33.7% relative to no duckweed coverage.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- chalky grain percentagee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 33.7%e1
- Qualifier
- under CFe1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage increased chalky grain percentage by 17.0% under NF, but decreased it by 33.7% under CF”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under the mixed (COF) and organic (OF) fertilizer regimes, duckweed coverage produced nonsignificant changes in the chalky grain percentage of rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- chalky grain percentagee1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Qualifier
- under COF and OF conditionse1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage increased chalky grain percentage by 17.0% under NF, but decreased it by 33.7% under CF, with nonsignificant changes under COF and OF conditions”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer-by-duckweed interactions were also found for chalkiness degree and white degree of rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- fertilizer-by-duckweed interactionse1
- Outcome
- chalkiness degree, white degreee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“fertilizer-by-duckweed interactions were also found for chalkiness degree, white degree”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer-by-duckweed interactions were also found for the breakdown and setback values of the RVA starch profile and the palatability index of rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- fertilizer-by-duckweed interactionse1
- Outcome
- breakdown and setback values of the starch rapid visco analyzer (RVA) profile, palatability indexe2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Similar fertilizer-by-duckweed interactions”
e2“breakdown and setback values of the starch rapid visco analyzer (RVA) profile, palatability index”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer-by-duckweed interactions were also found for protein and amino acid concentrations of rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- fertilizer-by-duckweed interactionse1
- Outcome
- protein and amino acid concentrationse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Similar fertilizer-by-duckweed interactions”
e2“palatability index, and protein and amino acid concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no fertilizer, duckweed coverage decreased protein and amino acid concentrations in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- protein and amino acid concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- under NFe1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage decreased protein and amino acid concentrations but improved the taste of cooked rice under NF, while the opposite trend was observed under CF”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no fertilizer, duckweed coverage improved the taste of cooked rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- taste of cooked ricee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- under NFe1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage decreased protein and amino acid concentrations but improved the taste of cooked rice under NF, while the opposite trend was observed under CF”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under chemical fertilizer, the opposite trend to that under NF was seen: duckweed coverage increased protein and amino acid concentrations in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- protein and amino acid concentrationse1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- the opposite trend was observed under CFe1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage decreased protein and amino acid concentrations but improved the taste of cooked rice under NF, while the opposite trend was observed under CF”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under chemical fertilizer, the opposite trend to that under NF was seen: duckweed coverage worsened the taste of cooked rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- taste of cooked ricee1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- the opposite trend was observed under CFe1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage decreased protein and amino acid concentrations but improved the taste of cooked rice under NF, while the opposite trend was observed under CF”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Duckweed coverage significantly decreased copper and zinc concentrations in milled rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- milled ricee1
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- copper and zinc concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- no duckweed coveragee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage significantly decreased copper and zinc concentrations in milled rice”
e2“no duckweed coverage (Control)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest the duckweed-induced decrease in copper and zinc in milled rice may aggravate the hidden hunger risk for rice consumers.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Duckweed coveragee1
- Outcome
- "hidden hunger" risk for rice consumerse2
- Qualifier
- may aggravatee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Duckweed coverage significantly decreased copper and zinc concentrations in milled rice”
e2“which may aggravate the "hidden hunger" risk for rice consumers”
The same questions in other papers
Lemna · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.