Abstract
BACKGROUND: Solar radiation is a primary constraint in silvoarable agroforestry, with yield losses near the trees well documented in temperate climates. However, genetic variability for shade tolerance remains largely unexplored. This 2-year field trial investigated the impact of artificial shading - using nets that reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by moderate (-30%) and severe (-50%) levels relative to full sun - on the morpho-physiology and yield of common wheat. During the first growing season, three varieties were evaluated: the modern variety, Bologna, and two old, tall varieties, Piave and Terminillo. In the second season, only Bologna was retested under the same shading treatments, to further assess its performance. RESULTS: Shading treatments delayed crop phenology from heading onward. They were associated with a prolonged canopy stay-green, with effects accentuated by increasing shading severity. In the first year, moderate shading increased Bologna's grain yield by 8% (P ≤ 0.05) and raised protein content by 0.7%. In the second year, drier conditions and reduced radiation from March-June - causing more severe limitation of PAR, the amount of sunlight available for photosynthesis - led to a 40% yield loss. Old varieties suffered yield reductions due to lodging (-43% in Terminillo, -66% in Piave), yet showed notable increases in mineral content (up to +48% Mg in Piave) and grain protein (+1.7% in Terminillo and +3.4% in Piave). Under shaded conditions, increased gliadin content led to enhanced gluten accumulation, potentially improving dough extensibility. CONCLUSIONS: Although nets can mimic shading in wheat effectively, these results highlight the need to extend varietal screening to identify suitable genotypes and key morpho-physiological traits to optimize wheat cultivation in shaded environments such as agroforestry systems, with further validation in specific emerging models. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Shading treatments delayed wheat crop phenology from heading onward.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Shading treatmentse0
- Outcome
- crop phenologye0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“Shading treatments delayed crop phenology from heading onward”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading was associated with a prolonged canopy stay-green in wheat, with effects accentuated by increasing shading severity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing shading severitye0
- Outcome
- canopy stay-greene0
- Direction
- prolongede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“They were associated with a prolonged canopy stay-green, with effects accentuated by increasing shading severity”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first year, moderate shading increased grain yield of Bologna wheat by 8% (P <= 0.05).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Bolognae0
- Treatment
- moderate shadinge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Qualifier
- In the first yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“In the first year, moderate shading increased Bologna's grain yield by 8%”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first year, moderate shading raised grain protein content of Bologna wheat by 0.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate shadinge0
- Outcome
- protein contente1
- Direction
- raisede1
- Value
- 0.7%e1
- Qualifier
- In the first yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“In the first year, moderate shading”
e1“raised protein content by 0.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second year, drier conditions and reduced radiation led to a 40% yield loss.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drier conditions and reduced radiatione0
- Outcome
- yield losse1
- Direction
- losse1
- Value
- 40%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“In the second year, drier conditions and reduced radiation”
e1“led to a 40% yield loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Old variety Terminillo suffered a 43% yield reduction due to lodging under shading.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Terminilloe0
- Treatment
- artificial shadet0
- Outcome
- yield reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- -43%e0
- Qualifier
- due to lodginge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“Old varieties suffered yield reductions due to lodging (-43% in Terminillo, -66% in Piave)”
Claim · model-written summary
Old variety Piave suffered a 66% yield reduction due to lodging under shading.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Piavee0
- Treatment
- artificial shadet0
- Outcome
- yield reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- -66%e0
- Qualifier
- due to lodginge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“Old varieties suffered yield reductions due to lodging (-43% in Terminillo, -66% in Piave)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under shading, the old variety Piave showed a notable increase in mineral content (up to +48% Mg).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Piavee0
- Treatment
- artificial shadet0
- Outcome
- mineral contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- up to +48% Mge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“yet showed notable increases in mineral content (up to +48% Mg in Piave) and grain protein (+1.7% in Terminillo and +3.4% in Piave)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under shading, the old variety Terminillo showed a notable increase in grain protein (+1.7%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Terminilloe0
- Treatment
- artificial shadet0
- Outcome
- grain proteine0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- +1.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“yet showed notable increases in mineral content (up to +48% Mg in Piave) and grain protein (+1.7% in Terminillo and +3.4% in Piave)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under shading, the old variety Piave showed a notable increase in grain protein (+3.4%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Piavee0
- Treatment
- artificial shadet0
- Outcome
- grain proteine0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- +3.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“yet showed notable increases in mineral content (up to +48% Mg in Piave) and grain protein (+1.7% in Terminillo and +3.4% in Piave)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under shaded conditions, gliadin content increased in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- shaded conditionse0
- Outcome
- gliadin contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“Under shaded conditions, increased gliadin content”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased gliadin content under shading led to enhanced gluten accumulation, potentially improving dough extensibility.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- gliadine0
- Outcome
- enhanced gluten accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“increased gliadin content led to enhanced gluten accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors highlight the need to extend varietal screening to identify suitable genotypes for shaded wheat cultivation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- extend varietal screeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat varieties under artificial shade”
e0“these results highlight the need to extend varietal screening to identify suitable genotypes”
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See all 69 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.