Abstract
Addressing the key challenge of reconciling agricultural intensification with ecological sustainability, this study investigated the synergistic effects of straw return and fertilization on winter wheat production systems in the Loess Plateau of China. Through a two-year field split-plot experiment, six treatments were established: control (S 0 W), mineral nitrogen application (S 0 N), nitrogen-phosphorus application (S 0 NP), straw return (SW), straw return combined with nitrogen application (SN), and straw return combined with nitrogen-phosphorus application (SNP). This study systematically assessed their impacts on soil nutrient function index (NFI), ecological stoichiometry, crop yield, and CO 2 emissions. Our findings revealed that SNP and SN treatments elevated NFI by 258.29 % and 186.69 %, respectively, compared to S 0 W. The SNP treatment achieved optimal yield enhancement (28.95–31.19 %) through optimization of NFI. In addition, compared to SW treatment, the SN treatment demonstrated a pronounced inhibitory effect on CO 2 emissions, achieving a reduction effect of 27.01 %. We applied the sustainability performance index (SPI) to assess the interdependence of yield-NFI-CO 2 emissions. The SNP obtained a better SPI (3.58) through the compensatory mechanism in the presence of increased CO 2 emissions. Partial least squares path model revealed that straw and fertilization directly increased carbon-nitrogen availability (P < 0.001) and indirectly enhanced NFI through improving physicochemical properties (P < 0.001). On the other hand, straw return combined with fertilization significantly reduced the dissolved organic carbon:nitrogen ratio and imbalanceCN. Enzyme stoichiometric analysis indicated that SNP treatment reduced vector length by 34.22–47.12 %, significantly alleviating carbon limitation. This mitigated competition between microorganisms and crops for resources, enhanced nutrient synchronization, and ultimately achieved synergistic improvements in productivity and NFI, but it also significantly increased CO 2 emissions. In conclusion, SNP treatment coordinates CO 2 emissions, crop productivity, and NFI through microbially mediated ecological stoichiometry. However, the long-term stability of these synergistic effects requires further validation through extended field trials under diverse agroecological conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
SNP elevated soil nutrient function index by 258.29% versus the control.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- SNPe0
- Outcome
- NFIe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 258.29 %e0
- Comparator
- S 0 We0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNP and SN treatments elevated NFI by 258.29 % and 186.69 %, respectively, compared to S 0 W.”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
SN elevated soil nutrient function index by 186.69% versus the control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- SNe0
- Outcome
- NFIe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 186.69 %e0
- Comparator
- S 0 We0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNP and SN treatments elevated NFI by 258.29 % and 186.69 %, respectively, compared to S 0 W.”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased yield by 28.95–31.19%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- SNPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 28.95–31.19 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SNP treatment achieved optimal yield enhancement (28.95–31.19 %) through optimization of NFI.”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
SN reduced CO2 emissions by 27.01% relative to SW.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- SNe0
- Outcome
- CO 2 emissionse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 27.01 %e0
- Comparator
- SW treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to SW treatment, the SN treatment demonstrated a pronounced inhibitory effect on CO 2 emissions, achieving a reduction effect of 27.01 %.”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP had an SPI of 3.58.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SNP obtained a better SPI (3.58) through the compensatory mechanism in the presence of increased CO 2 emissions.”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw and fertilization directly increased carbon-nitrogen availability.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- straw and fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- carbon-nitrogen availabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw and fertilization directly increased carbon-nitrogen availability (P < 0.001)”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw and fertilization indirectly enhanced NFI through physicochemical properties.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- NFIe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- improving physicochemical propertiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indirectly enhanced NFI through improving physicochemical properties (P < 0.001)”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with fertilization reduced dissolved organic carbon:nitrogen ratio and imbalanceCN.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- straw return combined with fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- dissolved organic carbon:nitrogen ratio and imbalanceCNe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw return combined with fertilization significantly reduced the dissolved organic carbon:nitrogen ratio and imbalanceCN.”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced enzyme stoichiometric vector length by 34.22–47.12%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente0
- Outcome
- vector lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34.22–47.12 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNP treatment reduced vector length by 34.22–47.12 %, significantly alleviating carbon limitation.”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP alleviated carbon limitation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente0
- Outcome
- carbon limitatione0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNP treatment reduced vector length by 34.22–47.12 %, significantly alleviating carbon limitation.”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased CO2 emissions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Straw return and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizationt0
- Outcome
- CO 2 emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it also significantly increased CO 2 emissions.”
t0“Straw return and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilization coordinates crop yields”
e1“winter wheat production systems”
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