Abstract
Fe 3 O 4 (NPS-M) and FePO 4 (NPS-P) nanoparticles, as representative magnetic materials, have been widely used in the industrial and biomedical fields, although their use in agriculture still needs to be evaluated. The effect of NPS-M and NPS-P in tomato plants was investigated by a combination of phenotypic and metabolic approaches. Tomato plants were grown in soil treated with NPS-M and NPS-P at 0, 5, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm for 8 months. Plant biomass, phenolics and carotenoids in leaves and fruits, soil pH, chlorophyll, and ionome of soil, fruits, roots and leaves, were analysed. NPS-M and NPS-P at higher concentrations increased biomass, total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels in leaves compared to controls. NPS-P caused the major soil acidification, making some nutrients more available to the roots. Although no significant differences were observed in fruit carotenoids, a significant increase in chlorogenic and luteone hexoside levels was observed after NPs treatment at low concentrations compared to controls. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed that both NPs compared to EDTA-based chelators resulted in differential element accumulation in roots, leaves/fruits. EDTA-based treatments increased leaf accumulation of Cr, As, K, P, while both NPs increased leaf accumulation of Ca, Co, Sr, Ti, V. Fruit accumulation of Ca, K, and Rb was higher with NPs, while Na, Mg, and P were higher with EDTA-based chelators. The obtained results offer new insights into the response of tomato plants to NPS-M and NPS-P exposure and could be useful for designing alternative strategies to the use of commercial fertilizers. Effect of Fe 3 O 4 and FePO 4 nanoparticles on physiology, metabolome and ionome of Solanum lycopersium plants • The effects of iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) and iron phosphate (FePO₄) nanoparticles on tomato plants are largely unexplored. • Higher concentrations of Fe₃O₄ and FePO₄ led to increased plant biomass, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids intomato leaves. • FePO₄ NPs caused greater soil acidification, making some nutrients more available for plant roots. • Fe₃O₄ and FePO₄ treatments at low concentrations increased levels of chlorogenic acid and luteone hexoside. • NPs increased Ca, Co, Sr, Ti, V (leaves) and Ca, K, Rb (fruits); EDT Achelators Cr, As, K, P (leaves) and Na, Mg, P (fruits).
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nanoparticle concentrations increased tomato biomass, chlorophyll and leaf carotenoids.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- NPS-M and NPS-P at higher concentrationse0
- Outcome
- biomass, total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels in leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPS-M and NPS-P at higher concentrations increased biomass, total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels in leaves compared to controls”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS-P caused the greatest soil acidification.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPS-Pe0
- Outcome
- soil acidificatione0
- Direction
- majore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPS-P caused the major soil acidification”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit carotenoids did not differ significantly.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- fruit carotenoidse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant differences were observed in fruit carotenoids”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nanoparticle concentrations increased chlorogenic and luteone hexoside levels.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPs treatment at low concentrationse0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic and luteone hexoside levelse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in chlorogenic and luteone hexoside levels was observed after NPs treatment at low concentrations compared to controls”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA treatments increased leaf Cr, As, K and P accumulation.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- EDTA-based treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf accumulation of Cr, As, K, Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EDTA-based treatments increased leaf accumulation of Cr, As, K, P”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles increased leaf Ca, Co, Sr, Ti and V accumulation.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- both NPse0
- Outcome
- leaf accumulation of Ca, Co, Sr, Ti, Ve0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both NPs increased leaf accumulation of Ca, Co, Sr, Ti, V”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles yielded higher fruit Ca, K and Rb accumulation.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- Fruit accumulation of Ca, K, and Rbe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit accumulation of Ca, K, and Rb was higher with NPs”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA chelators yielded higher fruit Na, Mg and P.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- EDTA-based chelatorse0
- Outcome
- Na, Mg, and Pe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Na, Mg, and P were higher with EDTA-based chelators”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum plants”
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