Abstract
Acid soils are often a limiting factor in the production of most cultivated plants. In practice, the application of inadequate, physiologically acidic fertilizers, urea and NPK, is often encountered, which further worsens the already poor physicochemical properties of such soils. In this study, the influence of different amounts of NPK and urea fertilizers and methods of their application on the chemical properties of a very acidic soil and the accumulation of essential biogenic elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Al) in raspberry plants (leaves and fruits) was evaluated. The field trial with the raspberry plants was set up on a very acidic soil (pH in KCl 3.6), type Dystric Cambisol, and was monitored for 2 years. The application of NPK and urea mainly increased soil acidity in the second year in all treatments (for 0.10–0.18 pH unit) (except for urea applied in rows). The application of higher amounts of NPK increased the content of available forms of P (for 9.3–30.8 mg/kg) and K (for 57–95 mg/kg) in soil in both years, as well as exchangeable Ca (for 200–510 mg/kg) and Mg in the first year (15–165 mg/kg). The introduction of fertilizers in rows, compared to fertilization of the entire surface, influenced the reduction in mobile Al (especially when applying NPK, from 5.89 to 7.13 mg/100 g), the increase in mineral N and K content in the soil, and the increase in Ca and Mg only when applying urea, i.e., P when applying NPK in rows. In the leaves, the application of fertilizers in rows increased the content of Ca and Mg in the first year and P and K in the second year. In the fruits, the content of all estimated elements was not in correlation with their content in leaves and the fertilizer application, which indicates the influence of other ecological and biological factors on plant nutrition.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
NPK and urea mainly increased soil acidity in the second year in all treatments of raspberry plantings.
- Taxon
- Raspberryt0
- Treatment
- NPK and ureae1
- Outcome
- soil aciditye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 0.10–0.18 pH unite1
- Qualifier
- except for urea applied in rowse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e1“The application of NPK and urea mainly increased soil acidity in the second year in all treatments (for 0.10–0.18 pH unit) (except for urea applied in rows)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher amounts of NPK increased available P in soil in both years.
- Taxon
- Raspberryt0
- Treatment
- higher amounts of NPKe2
- Outcome
- available forms of Pe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 9.3–30.8 mg/kge2
- Qualifier
- in both yearse2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e2“The application of higher amounts of NPK increased the content of available forms of P (for 9.3–30.8 mg/kg) and K (for 57–95 mg/kg) in soil in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher amounts of NPK increased available K in soil in both years.
- Taxon
- Raspberryt0
- Treatment
- higher amounts of NPKe2
- Outcome
- Ke2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 57–95 mg/kge2
- Qualifier
- in both yearse2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e2“The application of higher amounts of NPK increased the content of available forms of P (for 9.3–30.8 mg/kg) and K (for 57–95 mg/kg) in soil in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher amounts of NPK increased exchangeable Ca in soil.
- Taxon
- Raspberryt0
- Treatment
- higher amounts of NPKe2
- Outcome
- exchangeable Cae3
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 200–510 mg/kge3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e2“The application of higher amounts of NPK increased the content of available forms of P (for 9.3–30.8 mg/kg) and K (for 57–95 mg/kg) in soil in both years”
e3“as well as exchangeable Ca (for 200–510 mg/kg) and Mg in the first year (15–165 mg/kg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher amounts of NPK increased exchangeable Mg in soil in the first year.
- Taxon
- Raspberryt0
- Treatment
- higher amounts of NPKe2
- Outcome
- Mge3
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 15–165 mg/kge3
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e2“The application of higher amounts of NPK increased the content of available forms of P (for 9.3–30.8 mg/kg) and K (for 57–95 mg/kg) in soil in both years”
e3“as well as exchangeable Ca (for 200–510 mg/kg) and Mg in the first year (15–165 mg/kg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer application in rows, compared with the entire surface, reduced mobile Al in soil, especially with NPK.
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e4“The introduction of fertilizers in rows, compared to fertilization of the entire surface, influenced the reduction in mobile Al (especially when applying NPK, from 5.89 to 7.13 mg/100 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer application in rows increased mineral N and K content in soil.
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e4“The introduction of fertilizers in rows, compared to fertilization of the entire surface, influenced the reduction in mobile Al (especially when applying NPK, from 5.89 to 7.13 mg/100 g)”
e5“the increase in mineral N and K content in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea increased soil Ca and Mg only when applied in rows.
- Taxon
- Raspberryt0
- Treatment
- ureae6
- Outcome
- Ca and Mge6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Qualifier
- only when applying ureae6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e6“the increase in Ca and Mg only when applying urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizers applied in rows increased leaf Ca and Mg content in the first year.
- Taxon
- Raspberryt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Treatment
- fertilizers in rowse7
- Outcome
- content of Ca and Mge7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e7“In the leaves, the application of fertilizers in rows increased the content of Ca and Mg in the first year and P and K in the second year”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizers applied in rows increased leaf P and K content in the second year.
- Taxon
- Raspberryt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Treatment
- fertilizers in rowse7
- Outcome
- P and Ke7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- in the second yeare7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e7“In the leaves, the application of fertilizers in rows increased the content of Ca and Mg in the first year and P and K in the second year”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit element content was not correlated with leaf element content or with fertilizer application.
Verbatim
t0“Raspberry Composition”
e0“In the fruits, the content of all estimated elements was not in correlation with their content in leaves and the fertilizer application”
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