Abstract
Auxin mimic herbicide off-target movement is a major environmental concern; it can affect crop yield, endangered species, and pollinator foraging sources. For the first time, the effects of sublethal rates of four auxin mimic herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, and quinclorac) were evaluated to improves our understanding of how these herbicides negatively impact a pollinator nutritional source of pollinators. Dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at 1/100x of the labeled rate (5.60 g ae ha − 1 dicamba and 0.30 g ha − 1 florpyrauxifen-benzyl) reduced the total number of soybean reproductive organs (flowers and pods) by 31% and 27%, respectively, compared to the nontreated control ( n = 373). Exposure to the same rates reduced pollen grains per anther by 25% and 18%, respectively, compared to the nontreated control ( n = 338). The maximum reproductive per plant biomass accumulated was reduced by 30% from sublethal rates of dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl applications at 1/100x compared to the nontreated control (23 g plant-1). An application of dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 1/100x resulted in a 24% and 11% reduction in grain yield, respectively, compared to the nontreated control (3063 kg ha-1). While soybean reproductive organs, pollen grains, and yield were reduced from dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl, 2,4-D and quinclorac had no impact on soybean physiological responses in this study. These results reinforce the idea that exposure to auxin mimic herbicides could reduce the quantity of pollen which could negatively affect pollinators’ foraging sources. Albeit, this relationship is highly dependent on the specific herbicide active ingredient and rate. This trend could have major implications for commercial bee keepers regarding the health of their bees near soybean fields that had drift damage. Proactive mitigation strategies are required when using auxin mimic herbicides to prevent off-target movement and subsequent negative consequences for pollinator foraging sources.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba reduced soybean reproductive organ number by 31%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- flowers and podse0
- Treatment
- Dicambae0
- Outcome
- total number of soybean reproductive organse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at 1/100x of the labeled rate (5.60 g ae ha − 1 dicamba and 0.30 g ha − 1 florpyrauxifen-benzyl) reduced the total number of soybean reproductive organs (flowers and pods) by 31% and 27%, respectively, compared to the nontreated control ( n = 373).”
Claim · model-written summary
florpyrauxifen-benzyl reduced soybean reproductive organ number by 27%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- flowers and podse0
- Treatment
- florpyrauxifen-benzyle0
- Outcome
- total number of soybean reproductive organse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at 1/100x of the labeled rate (5.60 g ae ha − 1 dicamba and 0.30 g ha − 1 florpyrauxifen-benzyl) reduced the total number of soybean reproductive organs (flowers and pods) by 31% and 27%, respectively, compared to the nontreated control ( n = 373).”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba exposure reduced pollen grains per anther by 25%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Dicambae1
- Outcome
- pollen grains per anthere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to the same rates reduced pollen grains per anther by 25% and 18%, respectively, compared to the nontreated control ( n = 338).”
e1“Dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at 1/100x of the labeled rate”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
florpyrauxifen-benzyl exposure reduced pollen grains per anther by 18%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- florpyrauxifen-benzyle1
- Outcome
- pollen grains per anthere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to the same rates reduced pollen grains per anther by 25% and 18%, respectively, compared to the nontreated control ( n = 338).”
e1“Dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at 1/100x of the labeled rate”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
dicamba at 1/100x reduced reproductive biomass by 30%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Outcome
- reproductive per plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 23 g plant-1e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum reproductive per plant biomass accumulated was reduced by 30% from sublethal rates of dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl applications at 1/100x compared to the nontreated control (23 g plant-1).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 1/100x reduced reproductive biomass by 30%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- florpyrauxifen-benzyle0
- Outcome
- reproductive per plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 23 g plant-1e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum reproductive per plant biomass accumulated was reduced by 30% from sublethal rates of dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl applications at 1/100x compared to the nontreated control (23 g plant-1).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
dicamba at 1/100x reduced grain yield by 24%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Qualifier
- 3063 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An application of dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 1/100x resulted in a 24% and 11% reduction in grain yield, respectively, compared to the nontreated control (3063 kg ha-1).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 1/100x reduced grain yield by 11%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- florpyrauxifen-benzyle0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- 3063 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An application of dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 1/100x resulted in a 24% and 11% reduction in grain yield, respectively, compared to the nontreated control (3063 kg ha-1).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D had no reported impact on soybean physiological responses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- soybean physiological responsese0
- Direction
- no impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D and quinclorac had no impact on soybean physiological responses in this study.”
Claim · model-written summary
quinclorac had no reported impact on soybean physiological responses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- quinclorace0
- Outcome
- soybean physiological responsese0
- Direction
- no impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D and quinclorac had no impact on soybean physiological responses in this study.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.