Abstract
Chemical fertilizers have been extensively used in agriculture to boost crop production. Despite their proven effectiveness, they pose significant environmental and health risks. In response, researchers have explored sustainable alternatives that can enhance productivity while reducing ecological impact. Biofertilizers have emerged as a promising solution. Hence, the idea of this research came to conduct a comparison between a chemical fertilizer (NPK) and two types of biological fertilizers (Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas putida ) in their effect on some physiological and growth characteristics of three varieties of Triticum aestivum (Abu Ghraib, Al-Fath and Al-Rashidiya). Ten milliliters of biofertilizers (as broth culture) were added to the rhizosphere and NPK was added with 1% concentration. The variables measured on the plants under examination included shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll and carotenes content, soot content of N, proteins, K, and P. Results showed that the biofertilizers used in the current study increased the level of all studied traits when compared to the NPK fertilizer. Biofertilizers augmented the nitrogen concentration within the plants by 51.8% and 60.4%, with identical percentages observed for the protein content. Furthermore, they enhanced the potassium concentration in the plants by 26.8% and 27.32%, as these percentages appeared under the influence of Bacillus and Pseudomonas respectively. The highest phosphorus content appeared for Bacillus treatments, represented by the value 1.93%. The three varieties of wheat showed different responses to the fertilizers used in the study, but Al-Rashidia variety showed the greatest response to the fertilizers for most of the studied traits.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers raised shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll, and carotenes relative to NPK.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll and carotenes contente1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizers used in the current study increased the level of all studied traits when compared to the NPK fertilizer”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll and carotenes content”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus biofertilizer increased plant nitrogen concentration by 51.8%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus megateriume1
- Interactor
- Bacillus megaterium
Priestia megateriume1symbiont - Outcome
- nitrogen concentration within the plantse0
- Direction
- augmentede0
- Value
- 51.8%e0
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biofertilizers augmented the nitrogen concentration within the plants by 51.8% and 60.4%”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas putida”
e2“when compared to the NPK fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas biofertilizer increased plant nitrogen concentration by 60.4%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas putidae1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas putidae1symbiont - Outcome
- nitrogen concentration within the plantse0
- Direction
- augmentede0
- Value
- 60.4%e0
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biofertilizers augmented the nitrogen concentration within the plants by 51.8% and 60.4%”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas putida”
e2“when compared to the NPK fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus biofertilizer raised plant protein content by 51.8%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus megateriume1
- Interactor
- Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume1symbiont
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- augmentede3
- Value
- 51.8%e3
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with identical percentages observed for the protein content”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas putida”
e2“when compared to the NPK fertilizer”
e3“augmented the nitrogen concentration within the plants by 51.8% and 60.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas biofertilizer raised plant protein content by 60.4%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas putidae1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas putidaPseudomonas putidae1symbiont
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- augmentede3
- Value
- 60.4%e3
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with identical percentages observed for the protein content”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas putida”
e2“when compared to the NPK fertilizer”
e3“augmented the nitrogen concentration within the plants by 51.8% and 60.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus biofertilizer raised plant potassium concentration by 26.8%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacilluse0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0symbiont
- Outcome
- potassium concentration in the plantse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 26.8%e0
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they enhanced the potassium concentration in the plants by 26.8% and 27.32%, as these percentages appeared under the influence of Bacillus and Pseudomonas respectively”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“when compared to the NPK fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas biofertilizer raised plant potassium concentration by 27.32%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonase0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0symbiont - Outcome
- potassium concentration in the plantse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 27.32%e0
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they enhanced the potassium concentration in the plants by 26.8% and 27.32%, as these percentages appeared under the influence of Bacillus and Pseudomonas respectively”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“when compared to the NPK fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus treatment gave the highest phosphorus content at 1.93%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest phosphorus content appeared for Bacillus treatments, represented by the value 1.93%”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The three wheat varieties responded differently to fertilizers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- three varieties of wheate0
- Outcome
- different responses to the fertilizerse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three varieties of wheat showed different responses to the fertilizers used in the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Al-Rashidia had the greatest response for most studied traits.
Verbatim
e0“Al-Rashidia variety showed the greatest response to the fertilizers for most of the studied traits”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
The same questions in other papers
Priestia megaterium · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Pseudomonas putida · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Priestia megaterium · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Pseudomonas · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
10 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →inoculation · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
75 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
78 papers more in this group
See all 82 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.