Abstract
To mitigate the rapid ripening by afternoon high temperature in semi-arid wine regions, grapevine artificial shading was applied in a three-year experiment (2021-2023) in China. The moderate shading (1.5 h, MD) and strong shading (2.5 h, SD) were applied in the afternoon. Climatic parameters were collected, grape and wine flavonoids were determined by HPLC-MS. Results revealed that shading reduced the berry surface temperature by up to 4 °C and delayed sugar accumulation, resulting in grapes with higher acidity (∼1 g/L) and lower Brix (∼0.5 °Brix) at harvest. MD and SD wines had lower flavonols, red hue, and anthocyanin derivates. Specific non-methylated anthocyanins and kaempferol-based flavonols were bioindicators of solar radiation. Wine flavor and aging chemistry were also investigated. Overall, afternoon shading delays grape ripening and regulates grape flavonoid profiles and thus modifies wine appearance and flavor. This study provides insights into regulating grape and wine quality in semi-arid regions.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Shading lowered berry surface temperature by up to 4 °C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“shading reduced the berry surface temperature by up to 4 °C”
t0“grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading delayed sugar accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“shading reduced the berry surface temperature by up to 4 °C and delayed sugar accumulation”
t0“grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded grapes had approximately 1 g/L higher acidity at harvest.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“shading reduced the berry surface temperature by up to 4 °C and delayed sugar accumulation, resulting in grapes with higher acidity (∼1 g/L) and lower Brix (∼0.5 °Brix) at harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded grapes had approximately 0.5 °Brix lower Brix at harvest.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“shading reduced the berry surface temperature by up to 4 °C and delayed sugar accumulation, resulting in grapes with higher acidity (∼1 g/L) and lower Brix (∼0.5 °Brix) at harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate and strong shading wines had lower flavonols, red hue and anthocyanin derivatives.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Treatment
- MD and SDe0
- Outcome
- flavonols, red hue, and anthocyanin derivatese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“MD and SD wines had lower flavonols, red hue, and anthocyanin derivates.”
t0“grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-methylated anthocyanins and kaempferol-based flavonols served as solar-radiation bioindicators.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Specific non-methylated anthocyanins and kaempferol-based flavonols were bioindicators of solar radiation.”
t0“grape”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.