Abstract
This study builds upon existing knowledge to quantify the extent of on-farm yield gaps and identify the most effective climate-resilient strategies (CRSs) to bridge them. By addressing these objectives, the study seeks to enhance wheat yield and resilience in the adverse climatic conditions. Productivity and adoption of CRSs are key indicators to monitor the progress toward more resilient production systems. Total eight project hubs were identified across Bihar (Banka, Bhagalpur, Gaya, Khagaria, Madhubani, Munger, Nalanda, and Nawada) for farmers-field experiment-cum-demonstration during rabi season (2019–2020). Three climate-resilient technologies (i) zero tillage (ZT), (ii) raised bed (RB), and (iii) happy seeder (HS) were evaluated across varying planting times from November 13 to December 31. Field experiments-cum-demonstrations conducted across 566 hectares involving 980 farmers in eight districts of Bihar revealed that early wheat planting (13–30 November) significantly enhanced grain productivity (up to 4.96 t/ha) and profitability (net returns up to $863/ha, B:C ratio 1.92), while delayed sowing (post–mid-December) led to yield reductions of up to 57%. Among crop establishment methods, happy seeder (HS) and zero tillage (ZT) consistently outperformed conventional farmer-managed practices, achieving 12.6–14.5% higher net returns and benefit-cost ratios up to 2.02, underscoring the agronomic and economic advantages of timely planting and resource-conserving technologies. The study concludes that sowing wheat in the second week of November using the Happy Seeder (HS) significantly boosts productivity and profitability. These results offer robust evidence to refine regional planting advisories and promote climate-resilient practices for enhancing wheat adaptation across subtropical India.
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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Early wheat planting significantly increased grain productivity up to 4.96 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- early wheat planting (13–30 November)e0
- Outcome
- grain productivitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- up to 4.96 t/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early wheat planting (13–30 November) significantly enhanced grain productivity (up to 4.96 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early planting increased net returns to $863/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early wheat planting (13–30 November)e0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- up to $863/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early wheat planting (13–30 November) significantly enhanced grain productivity (up to 4.96 t/ha) and profitability (net returns up to $863/ha, B:C ratio 1.92)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early planting attained a benefit-cost ratio of 1.92.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early wheat planting (13–30 November)e0
- Outcome
- B:C ratioe0
- Value
- 1.92e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early wheat planting (13–30 November) significantly enhanced grain productivity (up to 4.96 t/ha) and profitability (net returns up to $863/ha, B:C ratio 1.92)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing after mid-December reduced wheat yield by up to 57%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- delayed sowing (post–mid-December)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- up to 57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“delayed sowing (post–mid-December) led to yield reductions of up to 57%”
e1“early wheat planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Happy seeder produced higher net returns than conventional farmer practice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- happy seeder (HS)e0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12.6–14.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional farmer-managed practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“happy seeder (HS) and zero tillage (ZT) consistently outperformed conventional farmer-managed practices, achieving 12.6–14.5% higher net returns and benefit-cost ratios up to 2.02”
t0“wheat farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage produced higher net returns than conventional farmer practice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- zero tillage (ZT)e0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12.6–14.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional farmer-managed practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“happy seeder (HS) and zero tillage (ZT) consistently outperformed conventional farmer-managed practices, achieving 12.6–14.5% higher net returns and benefit-cost ratios up to 2.02”
t0“wheat farming”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that November sowing with Happy Seeder boosts wheat productivity and profitability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- sowing wheat in the second week of November using the Happy Seeder (HS)e0
- Direction
- boostse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing wheat in the second week of November using the Happy Seeder (HS) significantly boosts productivity and profitability”
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