Abstract
ABSTRACT Salt stress poses a significant threat to global agriculture by inhibiting seed germination and impeding early seedling development. This study investigates the role of the endophytic bacterium Priestia megaterium PH3 in alleviating salt stress during peanut seed germination. P. megaterium PH3 effectively colonised peanut seeds, leading to enhanced germination rates and root elongation under 200 mM NaCl stress. Mechanistically, the endophyte modulated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism system, evidenced by increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, APX, DHAR, MDHAR, and GR), elevated levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants (AsA and GSH), and reduced accumulation of H 2 O 2 and O 2 •− . Notably, P. megaterium PH3 upregulated the expression of genes related to melatonin (MEL) biosynthesis ( AhASMT1 , AhASMT2 , AhASMT3 , AhTDC , AhT5H ), contributing to increased MEL content. Furthermore, the endophyte influenced hormonal balance by promoting the expression of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism ( AhCYP707A1 ) and gibberellin (GA) synthesis ( AhGA20ox , AhGA3ox ). Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that under salt stress, P. megaterium PH3 shifted its tryptophan metabolism, leading to decreased levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) precursors and increased levels of MEL precursors. Correlation analysis highlighted a significant relationship between MEL levels, ABA and GA metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme activity. These findings suggest that P. megaterium PH3 enhances peanut seed germination under salt stress through a multifaceted approach involving ROS scavenging, hormonal regulation, and metabolic reprogramming. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of P. megaterium PH3 as a bio‐inoculant to improve crop establishment and productivity in saline environments.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The endophytic bacterium P. megaterium PH3 effectively colonised peanut seeds.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Interactor
- P. megaterium PH3
Priestia megateriume0symbiont - Outcome
- colonised peanut seedse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. megaterium PH3 effectively colonised peanut seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonisation by P. megaterium PH3 led to enhanced germination rates and root elongation of peanut seeds under 200 mM NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- P. megaterium PH3e0
- Interactor
- P. megaterium PH3Priestia megateriume0symbiont
- Outcome
- germination rates and root elongatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- 200 mM NaCl stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. megaterium PH3 effectively colonised peanut seeds, leading to enhanced germination rates and root elongation under 200 mM NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, APX, DHAR, MDHAR and GR) in peanut seeds under salt stress.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- the endophytee1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, APX, DHAR, MDHAR, and GR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, APX, DHAR, MDHAR, and GR)”
e1“Mechanistically, the endophyte modulated”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte elevated levels of the nonenzymatic antioxidants AsA and GSH.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- the endophytee1
- Outcome
- levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants (AsA and GSH)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“elevated levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants (AsA and GSH)”
e1“Mechanistically, the endophyte modulated”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte reduced accumulation of H2O2 and superoxide in peanut seeds.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- the endophytee1
- Outcome
- accumulation of H 2 O 2 and O 2 •−e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“reduced accumulation of H 2 O 2 and O 2 •−”
e1“Mechanistically, the endophyte modulated”
Claim · model-written summary
P. megaterium PH3 upregulated the expression of melatonin biosynthesis genes AhASMT1, AhASMT2, AhASMT3, AhTDC and AhT5H.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- P. megaterium PH3e0
- Interactor
- P. megaterium PH3Priestia megateriume0symbiont
- Gene
- AhASMT1 , AhASMT2 , AhASMT3 , AhTDC , AhT5He0
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to melatonin (MEL) biosynthesise0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“P. megaterium PH3 upregulated the expression of genes related to melatonin (MEL) biosynthesis ( AhASMT1 , AhASMT2 , AhASMT3 , AhTDC , AhT5H )”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin content increased in peanut seeds treated with the endophyte.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- P. megaterium PH3e1
- Outcome
- MEL contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“contributing to increased MEL content”
e1“P. megaterium PH3 upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte promoted expression of the ABA catabolism gene AhCYP707A1.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- the endophytee0
- Gene
- AhCYP707A1e0
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) catabolisme0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“the endophyte influenced hormonal balance by promoting the expression of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism ( AhCYP707A1 ) and gibberellin (GA) synthesis ( AhGA20ox , AhGA3ox )”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte promoted expression of the gibberellin synthesis genes AhGA20ox and AhGA3ox.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- the endophytee0
- Gene
- AhGA20ox , AhGA3oxe0
- Outcome
- gibberellin (GA) synthesise0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“the endophyte influenced hormonal balance by promoting the expression of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism ( AhCYP707A1 ) and gibberellin (GA) synthesis ( AhGA20ox , AhGA3ox )”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, P. megaterium PH3 shifted tryptophan metabolism, decreasing levels of IAA precursors.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- P. megaterium PH3e0
- Outcome
- levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) precursorse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“P. megaterium PH3 shifted its tryptophan metabolism, leading to decreased levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) precursors and increased levels of MEL precursors”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, P. megaterium PH3 shifted tryptophan metabolism, increasing levels of MEL precursors.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- P. megaterium PH3e0
- Outcome
- levels of MEL precursorse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“P. megaterium PH3 shifted its tryptophan metabolism, leading to decreased levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) precursors and increased levels of MEL precursors”
Claim · model-written summary
Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between MEL levels, ABA and GA metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Compound
- MELe0
- Outcome
- ABA and GA metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanut Seeds”
e0“Correlation analysis highlighted a significant relationship between MEL levels, ABA and GA metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that P. megaterium PH3 enhances peanut seed germination under salt stress through ROS scavenging, hormonal regulation and metabolic reprogramming.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Interactor
- P. megaterium PH3Priestia megateriume0symbiont
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Qualifier
- ROS scavenging, hormonal regulation, and metabolic reprogramminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. megaterium PH3 enhances peanut seed germination under salt stress through a multifaceted approach involving ROS scavenging, hormonal regulation, and metabolic reprogramming”
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