Abstract
Introduction Lodging is a critical limiting factor affecting stable rice production in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Methods This study aims to clarify the optimal spraying period and concentration of paclobutrazol for high-quality japonica rice by examining its effects on the mechanical, morphological, and metabolic characteristics of the stem. A clean water treatment (CK) was established alongside five spraying periods (S1: July 19; S2: July 26; S3: August 2; S4: August 9; S5: August 16) with three spraying concentrations (LP: 100 mg L -1 ; MP: 200 mg L -1 ; HP: 300 mg L -1 ). Results and discussion The results indicate that the MP treatment during the S4 period resulted in a yield increase of 2.3–11.8% while reducing the lodging index by 15.8-25.5%. In the early stages of spraying (S1, S2 and S3), the lodging resistance of rice was primarily enhanced by reducing plant height, but led to a significant decrease in the spikelets per panicle and grain filling, ultimately resulting in reduced yield. In the later stages of spraying (S4 and S5), lodging resistance was mainly improved by increasing internode diameter and culm wall thickness, which concurrently resulted in a significant increase in the grain filling. Although high concentrations of paclobutrazol in each period can reduce the lodging index, they are not conducive to yield formation. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the lodging index and both the internode diameter and the culm wall thickness. Non-target metabolism indicated that the significant increase in mandelonitrile and sarcosine content within cyanoamino acids metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism during S4, might be the primary metabolic factors promoting the development and thickness of stem walls. Additionally, the increase in pheophytin-a in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, along with leucine in valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, may be the key contributors to the enhancement of rice lodging resistance and stable yield when treated with an appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
MP at S4 increased yield by 2.3–11.8%.
- Taxon
- japonica rice
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=60)
Oryza sativa Japonica Groupt0 - Treatment
- MP treatment during the S4 periode0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.3–11.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“MP treatment during the S4 period resulted in a yield increase of 2.3–11.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
MP at S4 reduced lodging index by 15.8-25.5%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- MP treatment during the S4 periode0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 15.8-25.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“MP treatment during the S4 period resulted in a yield increase of 2.3–11.8% while reducing the lodging index by 15.8-25.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Early spraying enhanced lodging resistance by reducing plant height.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- early stages of spraying (S1, S2 and S3)e0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Qualifier
- reducing plant heighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“In the early stages of spraying (S1, S2 and S3), the lodging resistance of rice was primarily enhanced by reducing plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Early spraying significantly decreased spikelets per panicle and grain filling.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- early stages of spraying (S1, S2 and S3)e0
- Outcome
- spikelets per panicle and grain fillinge0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“In the early stages of spraying (S1, S2 and S3), the lodging resistance of rice was primarily enhanced by reducing plant height, but led to a significant decrease in the spikelets per panicle and grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Early spraying reduced yield.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- early stages of spraying (S1, S2 and S3)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“In the early stages of spraying (S1, S2 and S3), the lodging resistance of rice was primarily enhanced by reducing plant height, but led to a significant decrease in the spikelets per panicle and grain filling, ultimately resulting in reduced yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Late spraying improved lodging resistance through greater internode diameter and culm wall thickness.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- later stages of spraying (S4 and S5)e0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Qualifier
- increasing internode diameter and culm wall thicknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“In the later stages of spraying (S4 and S5), lodging resistance was mainly improved by increasing internode diameter and culm wall thickness”
Claim · model-written summary
Late spraying significantly increased grain filling.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- later stages of spraying (S4 and S5)e0
- Outcome
- grain fillinge0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“In the later stages of spraying (S4 and S5), lodging resistance was mainly improved by increasing internode diameter and culm wall thickness, which concurrently resulted in a significant increase in the grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
High paclobutrazol concentrations reduced lodging index.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of paclobutrazol in each periode0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“high concentrations of paclobutrazol in each period can reduce the lodging index”
Claim · model-written summary
High paclobutrazol concentrations were unfavorable for yield formation.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of paclobutrazol in each periode0
- Outcome
- yield formatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“high concentrations of paclobutrazol in each period can reduce the lodging index, they are not conducive to yield formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodging index was negatively correlated with internode diameter and culm wall thickness.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- internodee0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“significant negative correlation between the lodging index and both the internode diameter and the culm wall thickness”
Claim · model-written summary
At S4, mandelonitrile and sarcosine content increased significantly.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- mandelonitrile and sarcosine contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“significant increase in mandelonitrile and sarcosine content within cyanoamino acids metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism during S4”
Claim · model-written summary
Mandelonitrile and sarcosine increases might promote stem wall development and thickness.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Compound
- mandelonitrile and sarcosinee0
- Outcome
- development and thickness of stem wallse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“significant increase in mandelonitrile and sarcosine content within cyanoamino acids metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism during S4, might be the primary metabolic factors promoting the development and thickness of stem walls”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased pheophytin-a may contribute to lodging resistance and stable yield under appropriate paclobutrazol concentration.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- appropriate concentration of paclobutrazole0
- Compound
- pheophytin-ae0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance and stable yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“increase in pheophytin-a in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, along with leucine in valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, may be the key contributors to the enhancement of rice lodging resistance and stable yield when treated with an appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased leucine may contribute to lodging resistance and stable yield under appropriate paclobutrazol concentration.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- appropriate concentration of paclobutrazole0
- Compound
- leucinee0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance and stable yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“japonica rice”
e0“increase in pheophytin-a in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, along with leucine in valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, may be the key contributors to the enhancement of rice lodging resistance and stable yield when treated with an appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol”
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