Abstract
The critical nitrogen (N) dilution curve (CNDC) describes the process of achieving the highest yield with the lowest nutrient concentration. It is influenced by species and environment, providing a new strategy for diagnosing cotton nitrogen status and its impact on cotton growth and yield. This study investigated the effects of two irrigation amounts (45 and 54 mm) and three N application rates (150, 225, and 300 kg ha −1 ). Results indicated that compared with low water treatment (W1), increasing irrigation water led to a 21.3–24.7% increase in dry matter, a 22.2–29.6 % increase in N accumulation, a 1.4–26.1 % decrease in soil N content, and a 3.9–9.0 % reduction in N percentage of reproductive organs. The nutrient network index (NNI) decreased by 2.2–6.4 %, while irrigation water productivity (WP I ) decreased by 5.4–22.1 %. Compared with low nitrogen (F1), increasing N fertilization application enhanced dry matter by 7.1–20.8 % and N accumulation by 2.7–24.8 %, while also increasing the nitrogen percentage in reproductive organs by 4.0 –9.9 %. Experimental results demonstrated that moderate increases in irrigation and nitrogen application improved seed cotton yield and the partial factor productivity of N (PFP N ). Under the W1 treatment, higher nitrogen application brought cotton plant N closer to a optimal condition. However, excessive water and N exacerbate N loss and result in a nutrient network index (NNI) value below 1, indicating prolonged nutrient deficiency. The TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation indicates that an irrigation water amount of 45 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 300 kg ha −1 represent optimal water and nitrogen application strategies under water resource constraints. Conversely, an irrigation water amount of 54 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 225 kg ha −1 are identified as the optimal strategies for achieving high cotton yields.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation increased cotton dry matter by 21.3–24.7%.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- increasing irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 21.3–24.7%e0
- Comparator
- low water treatment (W1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with low water treatment (W1), increasing irrigation water led to a 21.3–24.7% increase in dry matter”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation increased cotton N accumulation by 22.2–29.6 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 22.2–29.6 %e0
- Comparator
- low water treatment (W1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 22.2–29.6 % increase in N accumulation”
e1“compared with low water treatment (W1), increasing irrigation water”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation decreased soil N content by 1.4–26.1 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- soil N contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 1.4–26.1 %e0
- Comparator
- low water treatment (W1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 1.4–26.1 % decrease in soil N content”
e1“compared with low water treatment (W1), increasing irrigation water”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation reduced N percentage in reproductive organs by 3.9–9.0 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- N percentage of reproductive organse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 3.9–9.0 %e0
- Comparator
- low water treatment (W1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 3.9–9.0 % reduction in N percentage of reproductive organs”
e1“compared with low water treatment (W1), increasing irrigation water”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation decreased NNI by 2.2–6.4 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- nutrient network index (NNI)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2.2–6.4 %e0
- Comparator
- low water treatment (W1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nutrient network index (NNI) decreased by 2.2–6.4 %”
e1“compared with low water treatment (W1), increasing irrigation water”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation decreased irrigation water productivity by 5.4–22.1 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivity (WP I )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.4–22.1 %e0
- Comparator
- low water treatment (W1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation water productivity (WP I ) decreased by 5.4–22.1 %”
e1“compared with low water treatment (W1), increasing irrigation water”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
More N fertilizer increased dry matter by 7.1–20.8 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilization applicatione0
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 7.1–20.8 %e0
- Comparator
- low nitrogen (F1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with low nitrogen (F1), increasing N fertilization application enhanced dry matter by 7.1–20.8 %”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
More N fertilizer increased N accumulation by 2.7–24.8 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilization applicatione1
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 2.7–24.8 %e0
- Comparator
- low nitrogen (F1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N accumulation by 2.7–24.8 %”
e1“Compared with low nitrogen (F1), increasing N fertilization application enhanced dry matter”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
More N fertilizer increased reproductive-organ N percentage by 4.0 –9.9 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilization applicatione1
- Outcome
- nitrogen percentage in reproductive organse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 4.0 –9.9 %e0
- Comparator
- low nitrogen (F1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the nitrogen percentage in reproductive organs by 4.0 –9.9 %”
e1“Compared with low nitrogen (F1), increasing N fertilization application”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate irrigation and N increases improved seed cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- moderate increases in irrigation and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate increases in irrigation and nitrogen application improved seed cotton yield”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate irrigation and N increases improved partial factor productivity of N.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- moderate increases in irrigation and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of N (PFP N )e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate increases in irrigation and nitrogen application improved seed cotton yield and the partial factor productivity of N (PFP N )”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Under W1, higher N application moved cotton plant N toward an optimal condition.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- higher nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- cotton plant Ne0
- Direction
- closer to a optimal conditione0
- Qualifier
- W1 treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the W1 treatment, higher nitrogen application brought cotton plant N closer to a optimal condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess water and N exacerbated N loss.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- excessive water and Ne0
- Outcome
- N losse0
- Direction
- exacerbatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive water and N exacerbate N loss”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess water and N produced NNI below 1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- excessive water and Ne0
- Outcome
- nutrient network index (NNI)e0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- below 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive water and N exacerbate N loss and result in a nutrient network index (NNI) value below 1”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
TOPSIS identified 45 mm irrigation and 300 kg ha −1 N as optimal under water constraints.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- an irrigation water amount of 45 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 300 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- optimal water and nitrogen application strategies under water resource constraintse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an irrigation water amount of 45 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 300 kg ha −1 represent optimal water and nitrogen application strategies under water resource constraints”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
TOPSIS identified 54 mm irrigation and 225 kg ha −1 N as optimal for high cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- an irrigation water amount of 54 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 225 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- optimal strategies for achieving high cotton yieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an irrigation water amount of 54 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 225 kg ha −1 are identified as the optimal strategies for achieving high cotton yields”
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