Abstract
Efficient nitrogen (N) use in spring maize is hindered by spatial and temporal variability in soil N supply when soil test-based fertilizer N applications are made at fixed growth stages. Need-based N applications have emerged as a solution for sustaining high yields with minimal N use. A field experiment at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, tested need-based N fertigation using a Leaf Color Chart (LCC) for spring maize. Maximum grain yield and better N use efficiency (NUE) were achieved when farm yard manure (FYM) was incorporated before sowing. Need-based N fertigation at 12 kg N ha−1, guided by LCC shade 5.0, produced the highest grain yield, with N savings of 119.0% and 70.4% in FYM and non-FYM soils, respectively. The LCC-based N management improved agronomic and recovery efficiencies by 61.7% and 97.6%, respectively, compared to soil test-based N fertigation, where 92 kg N ha−1 was applied. Yield attributes, including plant height, number of grains per cob, and thousand-grain weight, were similar in LCC-guided and soil test-based N fertigation treatments. Additionally, N2O and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the need-based N fertigation treatment were reduced by 48.1% and 37%, respectively, compared to soil test-based N fertigation, highlighting LCC potential to reduce the environmental impact of reactive N use in spring maize.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Farm yard manure before sowing gave maximum grain yield and better nitrogen use efficiency.
- Treatment
- farm yard manure (FYM)e0
- Outcome
- grain yield and better N use efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- Maximume0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum grain yield and better N use efficiency (NUE) were achieved when farm yard manure (FYM) was incorporated before sowing.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
LCC-guided fertigation at 12 kg N ha−1 gave the highest grain yield.
- Treatment
- Need-based N fertigation at 12 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- LCC shade 5.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Need-based N fertigation at 12 kg N ha−1, guided by LCC shade 5.0, produced the highest grain yield”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment saved 119.0% nitrogen in FYM soils.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N savings of 119.0% and 70.4% in FYM and non-FYM soils, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment saved 70.4% nitrogen in non-FYM soils.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N savings of 119.0% and 70.4% in FYM and non-FYM soils, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
LCC management improved agronomic efficiency by 61.7%.
- Treatment
- LCC-based N managemente0
- Outcome
- agronomice0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 61.7%e0
- Comparator
- soil test-based N fertigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The LCC-based N management improved agronomic and recovery efficiencies by 61.7% and 97.6%, respectively, compared to soil test-based N fertigation”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
LCC management improved recovery efficiency by 97.6%.
- Treatment
- LCC-based N managemente0
- Outcome
- recovery efficienciese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 97.6%e0
- Comparator
- soil test-based N fertigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The LCC-based N management improved agronomic and recovery efficiencies by 61.7% and 97.6%, respectively, compared to soil test-based N fertigation”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height, grains per cob and thousand-grain weight were similar between fertigation treatments.
- Treatment
- LCC-guidede0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of grains per cob, and thousand-grain weighte0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- soil test-based N fertigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield attributes, including plant height, number of grains per cob, and thousand-grain weight, were similar in LCC-guided and soil test-based N fertigation treatments.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Need-based fertigation reduced N2O emissions by 48.1%.
- Treatment
- need-based N fertigatione0
- Outcome
- N2Oe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 48.1%e0
- Comparator
- soil test-based N fertigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N2O and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the need-based N fertigation treatment were reduced by 48.1% and 37%, respectively, compared to soil test-based N fertigation”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Need-based fertigation reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 37%.
- Treatment
- need-based N fertigatione0
- Outcome
- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- soil test-based N fertigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N2O and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the need-based N fertigation treatment were reduced by 48.1% and 37%, respectively, compared to soil test-based N fertigation”
t0“spring maize”
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