Abstract
Brackish water is usually abundant and regarded as potential irrigation water resource in arid regions such as Xinjiang Province, China. However, although brackish water can alleviate water stress for crop growth, it may bring salt into soil, resulting in potential threats of soil secondary salinization and crop salt stress. To use the brackish water safely and effectively, experiments were conducted in 2023 and 2024 to explore the impact of brackish water quantity and quality on the soil salt spatiotemporal distribution, cotton growth and yield in the film mulched drip irrigation fields in Southern Xinjiang. It includes three irrigation amounts (W1: 75 % I, W2: 100 % I and W3: 125 % I, where I is crop irrigation water requirement) and three irrigation salinities (S1: 1.5 g/L, S2: 3.5 g/L and S3: 5.5 g/L). Results show that under excessive irrigation (W3), higher irrigation water salinity would limit the root water uptake, and result in higher soil water content in the root zone. A single deficit irrigation with brackish water at 3.5 g/L showed no significant difference in soil salt distribution before and after irrigation, but increasing irrigation amount was beneficial for mitigating soil salt accumulation in the root zone under the film. Under sufficient irrigation, 5.5 g/L saline water irrigation also caused salt accumulation in the deep soil beneath the film and the bare soil between the films around the wetting front. Compared with deficit irrigation, increasing irrigation amount with 5.5 g/L saline water neither promote cotton growth, nor significantly inhibit it. Higher irrigation salinity lead to a significant decline in cotton yield, but the effect of salt stress was mitigated under water deficit condition. Considering soil salt accumulation in the root zone under the film, cotton yield and water productivity (WP), the optimal irrigation amounts were 1.25 I for freshwater irrigation at 1.5 g/L, 1.35 I for brackish water irrigation at 3.5 g/L, and 1.06 I for saline water irrigation at 5.5 g/L. Our research provides guidance for the rational use of irrigation with different salinities and the sustainable development of irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Under excessive irrigation, higher salinity limited cotton root water uptake.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- higher irrigation water salinitye0
- Outcome
- root water uptakee0
- Direction
- limite0
- Qualifier
- excessive irrigation (W3)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“under excessive irrigation (W3), higher irrigation water salinity would limit the root water uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Under excessive irrigation, higher salinity increased root-zone soil water content.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- higher irrigation water salinitye0
- Outcome
- soil water content in the root zonee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“under excessive irrigation (W3), higher irrigation water salinity would limit the root water uptake, and result in higher soil water content in the root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
One deficit irrigation with 3.5 g/L brackish water did not significantly change soil salt distribution.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- A single deficit irrigation with brackish water at 3.5 g/Le0
- Outcome
- soil salt distributione0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- before and after irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“A single deficit irrigation with brackish water at 3.5 g/L showed no significant difference in soil salt distribution before and after irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation amount mitigated salt accumulation in the root zone beneath film.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation amounte0
- Outcome
- soil salt accumulation in the root zone under the filme0
- Direction
- mitigatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“increasing irrigation amount was beneficial for mitigating soil salt accumulation in the root zone under the film”
Claim · model-written summary
At sufficient irrigation, 5.5 g/L saline water caused salt accumulation in deep soil and bare soil near the wetting front.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 5.5 g/L saline water irrigatione0
- Outcome
- salt accumulation in the deep soil beneath the film and the bare soil between the films around the wetting fronte0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- Under sufficient irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Under sufficient irrigation, 5.5 g/L saline water irrigation also caused salt accumulation in the deep soil beneath the film and the bare soil between the films around the wetting front”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the amount of 5.5 g/L saline water neither promoted nor significantly inhibited cotton growth relative to deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation amount with 5.5 g/L saline watere0
- Outcome
- cotton growthe0
- Direction
- neither promote cotton growth, nor significantly inhibit ite0
- Comparator
- deficit irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with deficit irrigation, increasing irrigation amount with 5.5 g/L saline water neither promote cotton growth, nor significantly inhibit it”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation salinity significantly decreased cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Higher irrigation salinitye0
- Outcome
- cotton yielde0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher irrigation salinity lead to a significant decline in cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit mitigated the effect of salt stress on cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- water deficit conditione0
- Outcome
- effect of salt stresse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of salt stress was mitigated under water deficit condition”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended irrigation amount for 1.5 g/L freshwater was 1.25 I.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- freshwater irrigation at 1.5 g/Le0
- Outcome
- optimal irrigation amountse0
- Value
- 1.25 Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“the optimal irrigation amounts were 1.25 I for freshwater irrigation at 1.5 g/L”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended irrigation amount for 3.5 g/L brackish water was 1.35 I.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- brackish water irrigation at 3.5 g/Le0
- Outcome
- optimal irrigation amountse1
- Value
- 1.35 Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“1.35 I for brackish water irrigation at 3.5 g/L”
e1“the optimal irrigation amounts”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended irrigation amount for 5.5 g/L saline water was 1.06 I.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- saline water irrigation at 5.5 g/Le0
- Outcome
- optimal irrigation amountse1
- Value
- 1.06 Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“1.06 I for saline water irrigation at 5.5 g/L”
e1“the optimal irrigation amounts”
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