Abstract
The North China Plain is one of the major wheat cultivation regions. As a cornerstone of global food security, wheat makes the enhancement of its yield critically important. Sulfur critically regulates photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, and grain filling dynamics. To elucidate the physiological mechanisms of S in wheat grain filling and guide field practices, a two-year field experiment (2022–2023 and 2023–2024) was conducted in the North China Plain using two dominant cultivars, Jimai 20 (JM20) and Yannong 999 (YN999). Four sulfur (ammonium sulfate) gradients (S1: 15 kg ha−1; S2: 30 kg ha−1; S3: 45 kg ha−1; S4: 60 kg ha−1) and a control (S0) were applied at the jointing stage via a drip fertigation system. The key findings reveal that optimal S application (YN999: 45 kg ha−1; JM20: 30–45 kg ha−1) enhanced post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity by increasing flag leaf SPAD values and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, thereby delaying leaf senescence. These improvements translated into optimized grain filling parameters: YN999 and JM20 exhibited 2.27–5.62% and 13.20–13.86% increases in mean grain filling rate, 3.92–4.73% and 2.11–4.36% extensions in grain filling duration, and 7.62–7.83% and 9.55–10.23% boosts in thousand grain weight, respectively. Consequently, yield increased by 0.58–1.54 t ha−1 for YN999 and 1.36–1.49 t ha−1 for JM20. Under drip fertigation conditions in the North China Plain, sulfur application at 30–45 kg ha−1 effectively enhances wheat yield. These findings provide fertilization guidance for the development of precision agriculture and can help alleviate the local soil sulfur deficiency trend.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal sulfur increased flag leaf SPAD values.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- optimal S application (YN999: 45 kg ha−1; JM20: 30–45 kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- flag leaf SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“optimal S application (YN999: 45 kg ha−1; JM20: 30–45 kg ha−1) enhanced post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity by increasing flag leaf SPAD values”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal sulfur increased superoxide dismutase activity.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- optimal S application (YN999: 45 kg ha−1; JM20: 30–45 kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“optimal S application (YN999: 45 kg ha−1; JM20: 30–45 kg ha−1) enhanced post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity by increasing flag leaf SPAD values and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal sulfur reduced malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- optimal S application (YN999: 45 kg ha−1; JM20: 30–45 kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“optimal S application (YN999: 45 kg ha−1; JM20: 30–45 kg ha−1) enhanced post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity by increasing flag leaf SPAD values and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal sulfur delayed leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee0
- Direction
- delayinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“thereby delaying leaf senescence”
Claim · model-written summary
YN999 mean grain filling rate rose 2.27–5.62%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- YN999e0
- Outcome
- mean grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 2.27–5.62%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“YN999 and JM20 exhibited 2.27–5.62% and 13.20–13.86% increases in mean grain filling rate”
Claim · model-written summary
JM20 mean grain filling rate rose 13.20–13.86%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- JM20e0
- Outcome
- mean grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 13.20–13.86%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“YN999 and JM20 exhibited 2.27–5.62% and 13.20–13.86% increases in mean grain filling rate”
Claim · model-written summary
YN999 grain filling duration extended 3.92–4.73%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain filling duratione0
- Direction
- extensionse0
- Value
- 3.92–4.73%e0
Not reportedMaterialTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“3.92–4.73% and 2.11–4.36% extensions in grain filling duration”
Claim · model-written summary
JM20 grain filling duration extended 2.11–4.36%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain filling duratione0
- Direction
- extensionse0
- Value
- 2.11–4.36%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“3.92–4.73% and 2.11–4.36% extensions in grain filling duration”
Claim · model-written summary
YN999 thousand grain weight increased 7.62–7.83%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- thousand grain weighte0
- Direction
- boostse0
- Value
- 7.62–7.83%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“7.62–7.83% and 9.55–10.23% boosts in thousand grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
JM20 thousand grain weight increased 9.55–10.23%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- thousand grain weighte0
- Direction
- boostse0
- Value
- 9.55–10.23%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“7.62–7.83% and 9.55–10.23% boosts in thousand grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
YN999 yield increased 0.58–1.54 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- YN999e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.58–1.54 t ha−1e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“yield increased by 0.58–1.54 t ha−1 for YN999”
Claim · model-written summary
JM20 yield increased 1.36–1.49 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- JM20e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.36–1.49 t ha−1e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“yield increased by 0.58–1.54 t ha−1 for YN999 and 1.36–1.49 t ha−1 for JM20”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 30–45 kg ha−1 sulfur for drip-fertigated wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- sulfur application at 30–45 kg ha−1e0
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“Under drip fertigation conditions in the North China Plain, sulfur application at 30–45 kg ha−1 effectively enhances wheat yield.”
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