Abstract
Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit observed during the storage period, and it seriously restricts the healthy and stable development of the kiwifruit industry. In the present study, the bacterial strain LMY3-5 with high antifungal activity was isolated from healthy kiwifruit tissues. Based on gyrA and 16S rRNA sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed, and LMY3-5 was identified as Bacillus velezensis . The 16% cell-free supernatant (CFS) of LMY3-5 suppressed B. dothidea spore germination and mycelial growth by 97.32%. The 16% CFS of LMY3-5 could effectively inhibit the expansion of kiwifruit soft rot in vitro , and the inhibition rate was 73.59%. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of B. dothidea mycelia treated with the 16% CFS for 12 h showed that the mycelia were curved, wrinkled, and sunken. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed blurred boundaries of mycelial cell walls as well as plasmolysis and vacuolization. Propidium iodide (PI) staining showed that the CFS treatment damaged the cell membrane of B. dothidea and affected its permeability, which led to leakage of the nucleic acids and proteins. Simultaneously, a substantial increase in the activity of key enzymes (i.e., β -1,3-glucanase and chitinase) was observed, which indicated damage to the cell wall function of B. dothidea. GC/LC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 27 antimicrobial compounds. Thus, the LMY3-5 strain showed great potential as a biocontrol agent for soft rot disease in kiwifruit.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The 16% cell-free supernatant of LMY3-5 suppressed spore germination and mycelial growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea by 97.32%.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae0 - Treatment
- 16% cell-free supernatant (CFS) of LMY3-5e1
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothidea
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=60)
Botryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen - Second interactor
- LMY3-5e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- spore germination and mycelial growthe1
- Direction
- suppressede1
- Value
- 97.32%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e1“The 16% cell-free supernatant (CFS) of LMY3-5 suppressed B. dothidea spore germination and mycelial growth by 97.32%”
Claim · model-written summary
The 16% CFS of LMY3-5 inhibited the expansion of kiwifruit soft rot in vitro, with an inhibition rate of 73.59%.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- 16% CFS of LMY3-5e2
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- LMY3-5e2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- expansion of kiwifruit soft rote2
- Direction
- inhibite2
- Value
- 73.59%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e2“The 16% CFS of LMY3-5 could effectively inhibit the expansion of kiwifruit soft rot in vitro , and the inhibition rate was 73.59%”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycelia of B. dothidea treated with the 16% CFS for 12 h were curved, wrinkled and sunken.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- 16% CFSe3
- Interactor
- B. dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae3pathogen
- Outcome
- the mycelia were curved, wrinkled, and sunkene3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e3“The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of B. dothidea mycelia treated with the 16% CFS for 12 h showed that the mycelia were curved, wrinkled, and sunken”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycelial cell walls of B. dothidea showed blurred boundaries, plasmolysis and vacuolization after CFS treatment.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen
- Outcome
- blurred boundaries of mycelial cell walls as well as plasmolysis and vacuolizatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e4“transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed blurred boundaries of mycelial cell walls as well as plasmolysis and vacuolization”
Claim · model-written summary
The CFS treatment damaged the cell membrane of B. dothidea.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- CFS treatmente5
- Interactor
- B. dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae5pathogen
- Outcome
- the cell membranee5
- Direction
- damagede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e5“Propidium iodide (PI) staining showed that the CFS treatment damaged the cell membrane of B. dothidea and affected its permeability, which led to leakage of the nucleic acids and proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
CFS treatment led to leakage of nucleic acids and proteins from B. dothidea.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- CFS treatmente5
- Interactor
- B. dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae5pathogen
- Outcome
- leakage of the nucleic acids and proteinse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e5“Propidium iodide (PI) staining showed that the CFS treatment damaged the cell membrane of B. dothidea and affected its permeability, which led to leakage of the nucleic acids and proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Activity of key enzymes (beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase) increased substantially in B. dothidea, indicating damage to its cell wall function.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Interactor
- B. dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae6pathogen
- Gene
- β -1,3-glucanase and chitinasee6
- Outcome
- activity of key enzymese6
- Direction
- substantial increasee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e6“a substantial increase in the activity of key enzymes (i.e., β -1,3-glucanase and chitinase) was observed, which indicated damage to the cell wall function of B. dothidea”
Claim · model-written summary
GC/LC-MS analysis revealed 27 antimicrobial compounds in the LMY3-5 supernatant.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Outcome
- antimicrobial compoundse7
- Value
- 27e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e7“GC/LC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 27 antimicrobial compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain LMY3-5 was identified as Bacillus velezensis from gyrA and 16S rRNA sequences.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Material
- LMY3-5e7
- Outcome
- identified as Bacillus velezensise7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious fungal disease in kiwifruit”
e7“Based on gyrA and 16S rRNA sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed, and LMY3-5 was identified as Bacillus velezensis”
The same questions in other papers
pathogen product · Botryosphaeria dothidea · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.