Abstract
Plants have evolved a series of complicated defense mechanisms to counteract pathogen invasions. Although many studies have provided molecular evidence of resistance proteins and downstream signal transduction networks, the mechanisms by which plants resist pathogens remain poorly understood at the metabolite level. Here, we performed transcriptomic analyses of wheat leaves infected with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust. Functional enrichment analysis of identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed the strongest resistance responses at 24 h post-inoculation (hpi) in the incompatible wheat-Pst interaction system. Integrated with the metabolomics data at 24 hpi, we found that the amino acid metabolic pathways appeared to be directly involved in stripe rust resistance. Among these, five differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) indole, tryptophan, tryptamine, N-Methylserotonin, and 5-Methoxyindoleacetate were enriched to the biosynthesis pathway of melatonin, a branch of tryptophan metabolism. Subsequent UPLC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that melatonin was highly accumulated in the incompatible wheat-Pst system, but not in the compatible interaction system. Exogenous melatonin treatment induced wheat resistance to Pst. The most significantly upregulated melatonin biosynthesis-related gene in the incompatible wheat-Pst system was TaASMT3, which encodes an acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase. Virus-induced gene silencing analysis revealed that knocking down TaASMT3 reduced wheat resistance to stripe rust, further suggesting a positive role of melatonin in wheat resistance to Pst. Taken together, these data suggest that melatonin was accumulated during Pst infection to activate wheat defense responses, offering a new perspective for elucidation of wheat stripe rust resistance based on metabolic dynamics.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Incompatible wheat pathogen interactions showed strongest resistance responses at 24 hpi.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance responsese0
- Direction
- strongeste0
- Value
- 24 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed the strongest resistance responses at 24 h post-inoculation (hpi) in the incompatible wheat-Pst interaction system”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid metabolic pathways appeared directly involved in stripe rust resistance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- stripe rust resistancee0
- Qualifier
- amino acid metabolic pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amino acid metabolic pathways appeared to be directly involved in stripe rust resistance”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Five named metabolites were enriched in the melatonin biosynthesis pathway.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs)e0
- Qualifier
- biosynthesis pathway of melatonine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“five differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) indole, tryptophan, tryptamine, N-Methylserotonin, and 5-Methoxyindoleacetate were enriched to the biosynthesis pathway of melatonin”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin accumulated highly in incompatible but not compatible interactions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- melatonin was highly accumulatede0
- Direction
- highly accumulatede0
- Comparator
- compatible interaction systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin was highly accumulated in the incompatible wheat-Pst system, but not in the compatible interaction system”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin induced wheat resistance to Pst.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Exogenous melatonin treatmente0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- wheat resistance to Pste0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous melatonin treatment induced wheat resistance to Pst”
Claim · model-written summary
TaASMT3 was the most upregulated melatonin biosynthesis related gene in incompatible interactions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Gene
- TaASMT3e0
- Outcome
- melatonin biosynthesis-related genee0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most significantly upregulated melatonin biosynthesis-related gene in the incompatible wheat-Pst system was TaASMT3, which encodes an acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase”
Claim · model-written summary
TaASMT3 encodes an acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaASMT3e0
- Outcome
- encodes an acetylserotonin O-methyltransferasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaASMT3, which encodes an acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TaASMT3 knockdown reduced resistance to stripe rust.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- knocking down TaASMT3e0
- Gene
- TaASMT3e0
- Outcome
- wheat resistance to stripe ruste0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“knocking down TaASMT3 reduced wheat resistance to stripe rust”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin accumulation during infection was proposed to activate wheat defense.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Compound
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- wheat defense responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin was accumulated during Pst infection to activate wheat defense responses”
The same questions in other papers
melatonin · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.