Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the most important abiotic stresses in biological nitrogen fixation, often limiting the yield of leguminous plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil moisture on biological nitrogen fixation, cellular osmotic adjustment and cowpea yield. Water restriction started 20 days after sowing with different levels (20, 40, 60, and 80 %) of soil water retention capacity (SWRC). Cowpea plants did not complete life cycle under 20 % SWRC. Plants growing under SWRC less than 60 % decreased stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthetic rates and leaf pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids. Drought stress caused chlorosis in leaf tissues, reducing sucrose and total sugars in shoots and transport of these metabolites to the roots. Drought stress disrupted number and weight of nodule per plants affecting nitrogen compounds (ureides, nitrate, ammonia and amino acids) accumulation in roots and shoots of cowpea plants. Well-watered plants showed better biological nitrogen fixation, photosynthetic rates and starch accumulation in the leaves. Less stomatal conductance and transpiration rates induced by drought impaired nodulation, biological nitrogen fixation, dry mass of roots and shoots, growth and yield of cowpea plants. These results suggest that stomatal conductance, transpiration rates and nodulation were the main physiological responses limiting growth and yield of cowpea plants grown in soil moisture below than 60 % SWRC.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea did not finish its life cycle at 20% SWRC.
- Taxon
- cowpea plants
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- 20 % SWRCe0
- Outcome
- did not complete life cyclee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea plants did not complete life cycle under 20 % SWRC.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Below 60% SWRC, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic rates declined.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- SWRC less than 60 %e0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants growing under SWRC less than 60 % decreased stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthetic rates and leaf pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Below 60% SWRC, chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments declined.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- SWRC less than 60 %e0
- Outcome
- leaf pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants growing under SWRC less than 60 % decreased stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthetic rates and leaf pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought caused leaf chlorosis.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorosis in leaf tissuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress caused chlorosis in leaf tissues”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot sucrose and total sugars.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- sucrose and total sugars in shootse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress caused chlorosis in leaf tissues, reducing sucrose and total sugars in shoots and transport of these metabolites to the roots.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced transport of sugars to roots.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- transport of these metabolites to the rootse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress caused chlorosis in leaf tissues, reducing sucrose and total sugars in shoots and transport of these metabolites to the roots.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought disrupted nodule number and weight.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- number and weight of nodule per plantse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress disrupted number and weight of nodule per plants”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought affected root and shoot nitrogen compound accumulation.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen compounds (ureides, nitrate, ammonia and amino acids) accumulation in roots and shootse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress disrupted number and weight of nodule per plants affecting nitrogen compounds (ureides, nitrate, ammonia and amino acids) accumulation in roots and shoots of cowpea plants.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Well watered plants had better nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic rates.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- biological nitrogen fixation, photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Well-watered plants showed better biological nitrogen fixation, photosynthetic rates and starch accumulation in the leaves.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Well watered plants had better leaf starch accumulation.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- starch accumulation in the leavese0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Well-watered plants showed better biological nitrogen fixation, photosynthetic rates and starch accumulation in the leaves.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought induced lower conductance and transpiration impaired nodulation and fixation.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- nodulation, biological nitrogen fixatione0
- Direction
- impairede0
- Qualifier
- Less stomatal conductance and transpiration rates induced by droughte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Less stomatal conductance and transpiration rates induced by drought impaired nodulation, biological nitrogen fixation, dry mass of roots and shoots, growth and yield of cowpea plants.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought induced lower conductance and transpiration impaired root and shoot dry mass, growth and yield.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- dry mass of roots and shoots, growth and yielde0
- Direction
- impairede0
- Qualifier
- Less stomatal conductance and transpiration rates induced by droughte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Less stomatal conductance and transpiration rates induced by drought impaired nodulation, biological nitrogen fixation, dry mass of roots and shoots, growth and yield of cowpea plants.”
t0“cowpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors identify conductance, transpiration and nodulation as main limits on growth and yield below 60% SWRC.
- Taxon
- cowpea plantsVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- limitinge0
- Qualifier
- stomatal conductance, transpiration rates and nodulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal conductance, transpiration rates and nodulation were the main physiological responses limiting growth and yield of cowpea plants grown in soil moisture below than 60 % SWRC.”
t0“cowpea plants”
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