Abstract
BACKGROUND: Root-applied low-concentration NaCl (e.g., 40 mM) has been shown to maintain the yield and enhance both nutritional and functional quality in salt-sensitive strawberry cultivars. However, the potential benefits of foliar low-concentration NaCl application on strawberry plants have rarely been investigated to avoid secondary soil salinization through long-term root application, especially the effects on fruit quality during greenhouse high-temperature periods. METHODS: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Benihoppe) plants were foliar sprayed with 0 (CK), 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM NaCl solutions once a day from fruit setting to ripening under high-temperature period in a solar greenhouse where quality deterioration was observed. The physiological traits of strawberry leaves and the quality of fruits were measured to explore the beneficial effects of low-concentration NaCl solutions. RESULTS: Compared with the control (CK), foliar spraying with low-concentration NaCl solutions significantly increased the photosynthetic efficiency and mineral element content of strawberry leaves; enhanced the color of strawberry fruits; and increased the weight, size, color, soluble sugar content (e.g., glucose, fructose, and sucrose), and secondary metabolite production (e.g., vitamin C, phenolics, and flavonoids) of strawberry fruits. Additionally, foliar spraying with low-concentration NaCl solutions significantly decreased the organic acid content (e.g., malic and citric acids) in strawberry fruits. According to redundancy analysis, foliar spraying with NaCl induced the accumulation of Na in strawberry leaves and Cl in strawberry fruits, which may have contributed to the increase in physiological activity of leaves and the improvement in fruit quality, respectively. CONCLUSION: The foliar spraying of 10-15 mM NaCl, an economical and beneficial method, improves photosynthetic efficiency, thereby promoting formation and accumulation of strawberry fruit nutrients under high-temperature period in greenhouses.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration NaCl foliar sprays significantly increased strawberry leaf photosynthetic efficiency versus the control.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying with low-concentration NaCl solutionse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control (CK), foliar spraying with low-concentration NaCl solutions significantly increased the photosynthetic efficiency and mineral element content of strawberry leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration NaCl foliar sprays significantly increased strawberry leaf mineral element content versus the control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying with low-concentration NaCl solutionse0
- Outcome
- mineral element contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control (CK), foliar spraying with low-concentration NaCl solutions significantly increased the photosynthetic efficiency and mineral element content of strawberry leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration NaCl foliar sprays increased strawberry fruit weight, size, and color versus the control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- weight, size, colore0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and increased the weight, size, color, soluble sugar content (e.g., glucose, fructose, and sucrose), and secondary metabolite production (e.g., vitamin C, phenolics, and flavonoids) of strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration NaCl foliar sprays increased strawberry fruit soluble sugar content.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar content (e.g., glucose, fructose, and sucrose)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and increased the weight, size, color, soluble sugar content (e.g., glucose, fructose, and sucrose), and secondary metabolite production (e.g., vitamin C, phenolics, and flavonoids) of strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration NaCl foliar sprays increased strawberry fruit secondary metabolite production.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolite production (e.g., vitamin C, phenolics, and flavonoids)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and increased the weight, size, color, soluble sugar content (e.g., glucose, fructose, and sucrose), and secondary metabolite production (e.g., vitamin C, phenolics, and flavonoids) of strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration NaCl foliar sprays significantly decreased organic acid content in strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying with low-concentration NaCl solutionse0
- Outcome
- organic acid content (e.g., malic and citric acids)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, foliar spraying with low-concentration NaCl solutions significantly decreased the organic acid content (e.g., malic and citric acids) in strawberry fruits.”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl spraying induced sodium accumulation in strawberry leaves.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying with NaCle0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Nae0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying with NaCl induced the accumulation of Na in strawberry leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl spraying induced chloride accumulation in strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying with NaCle0
- Outcome
- Cl in strawberry fruitse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying with NaCl induced the accumulation of Na in strawberry leaves and Cl in strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that leaf sodium accumulation may contribute to greater leaf physiological activity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- physiological activity of leavese0
- Qualifier
- may have contributede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which may have contributed to the increase in physiological activity of leaves and the improvement in fruit quality, respectively”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that fruit chloride accumulation may contribute to improved fruit quality.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Qualifier
- may have contributede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which may have contributed to the increase in physiological activity of leaves and the improvement in fruit quality, respectively”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend foliar 10-15 mM NaCl to improve strawberry photosynthesis and fruit nutrients during greenhouse heat.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 10-15 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- improves photosynthetic efficiency, thereby promoting formation and accumulation of strawberry fruit nutrientse0
- Setting
- greenhousese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar spraying of 10-15 mM NaCl, an economical and beneficial method, improves photosynthetic efficiency, thereby promoting formation and accumulation of strawberry fruit nutrients under high-temperature period in greenhouses.”
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See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.