Abstract
In order to evaluate micro and macronutrient balance in vegetable growth, a study on greenness, yield, nutritional value, as well as biochemical status in spinach, has been conducted in a greenhouse, utilising the different concentrations of zinc (Zn) and potassium (K) in the nutrient solution. So, three concentrations of Zn (0.22, 5, and 10 mg L − 1 ) and K (39, 78, and 117 mg L − 1 ) were applied to hydroponically grown spinach ( Spinacia oleracea cv. Virofly) through a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete design with three replications. The results showed that along with increasing concentrations of Zn and K in a nutrient solution, chlorophyll index and plant performance were increased although Zn showed more influence than K. The maximum plant yield was observed at 117 mg L − 1 of K in combination with both concentrations of Zn (5 and 10 mg L − 1 ). Along with an increase in Zn and K concentrations, the amount of nutrients including Na, Fe, Cu, Ca, Mn, and Mg decreased compared to the control level of Zn and K in nutrient solution except for Zn and K, which increased due to the Zn and K, respectively. Increased levels of Zn and K caused to decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 51% and 34%, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) was decreased also by 29% and 14% at 10 and 117 mg L − 1 concentration of Zn and K while higher levels of Zn and K in the nutrient solution, increased protein content by 1.4 and 1.2 folded compared to the control plants. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was recorded in spinach treated with 10 mg L − 1 of Zn in combination independent to the K concentrations. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was also affected by Zn as it showed up to 2.1 folded increment at 10 mg L − 1 Zn compared to the 0.22 mg L − 1 concentration. In general, an increase in Zn and K concentration in the nutrient solution decreased the absorption of measured nutrients except for Zn and K in spinach leaves. The effect of increased levels of Zn was more obvious than that of potassium in qualitative and biochemical traits of spinach specially at 5 mg L − 1 concentration. These findings suggest that supplementing hydroponic nutrient solutions with 5 mg L − 1 Zn in combination with 78 mg L − 1 K can lead to the better quality and tolerance of the plant, offering a promising strategy to enhance crop productivity and nutritional value in hydroponically cultivated spinach.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Zn and K raised chlorophyll index and plant performance.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- increasing concentrations of Zn and Ke0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll index and plant performancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“along with increasing concentrations of Zn and K in a nutrient solution, chlorophyll index and plant performance were increased”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was maximal at 117 mg L − 1 K with 5 or 10 mg L − 1 Zn.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 117 mg L − 1 of Ke0
- Outcome
- maximum plant yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- 5 and 10 mg L − 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum plant yield was observed at 117 mg L − 1 of K in combination with both concentrations of Zn (5 and 10 mg L − 1 ).”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Zn and K reduced Na, Fe, Cu, Ca, Mn and Mg nutrients.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- increase in Zn and K concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Na, Fe, Cu, Ca, Mn, and Mge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control level of Zn and Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Along with an increase in Zn and K concentrations, the amount of nutrients including Na, Fe, Cu, Ca, Mn, and Mg decreased compared to the control level of Zn and K in nutrient solution”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Zn reduced MDA by 51%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased levels of Zn and K caused to decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 51% and 34%, respectively.”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K reduced MDA by 34%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased levels of Zn and K caused to decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 51% and 34%, respectively.”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn at 10 mg L − 1 decreased hydrogen peroxide 29%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 10 and 117 mg L − 1 concentration of Zn and Ke0
- Outcome
- Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) was decreased also by 29% and 14% at 10 and 117 mg L − 1 concentration of Zn and K”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
K at 117 mg L − 1 decreased hydrogen peroxide 14%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 10 and 117 mg L − 1 concentration of Zn and Ke0
- Outcome
- Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) was decreased also by 29% and 14% at 10 and 117 mg L − 1 concentration of Zn and K”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Zn increased protein content 1.4 fold.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.4e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher levels of Zn and K in the nutrient solution, increased protein content by 1.4 and 1.2 folded compared to the control plants”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K increased protein content 1.2 fold.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.2 foldede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher levels of Zn and K in the nutrient solution, increased protein content by 1.4 and 1.2 folded compared to the control plants”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD activity was maximal with 10 mg L − 1 Zn.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 10 mg L − 1 of Zne0
- Outcome
- maximum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was recorded in spinach treated with 10 mg L − 1 of Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
APX activity increased 2.1 fold at 10 versus 0.22 mg L − 1 Zn.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 10 mg L − 1 Zne0
- Outcome
- activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 2.1 foldede0
- Comparator
- 0.22 mg L − 1 concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was also affected by Zn as it showed up to 2.1 folded increment at 10 mg L − 1 Zn compared to the 0.22 mg L − 1 concentration.”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend 5 mg L − 1 Zn and 78 mg L − 1 K for quality and tolerance.
Verbatim
e0“supplementing hydroponic nutrient solutions with 5 mg L − 1 Zn in combination with 78 mg L − 1 K can lead to the better quality and tolerance of the plant”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · physiology: pigments · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
zinc atom · physiology: oxidative · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
potassium · physiology: pigments · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
potassium · quality: protein · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.