Abstract
Abstract Introducing new herbicides requires a comprehensive understanding of how crops respond to various herbicide-related factors. Fluridone was registered for use in rice production in 2023, but research on rice tolerance to this herbicide is lacking. Hence, field research aimed to 1) evaluate the effect of fluridone application timing on rice tolerance and 2) assess rice response to fluridone in a mixture with standard rice herbicides applied to 3-leaf rice. Both experiments were conducted in a delay-flooded dry-seeded system using a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Treatments in the first experiment included a nontreated control and 10 application timings, ranging from 20 d preplant to postflood. The second experiment had a two-factor factorial structure, with factor A being the presence/absence of fluridone, and factor B being herbicide partners, including bispyribac-sodium, fenoxaprop, penoxsulam, propanil, quinclorac, quizalofop, and saflufenacil. In the first experiment, the maximum injury in 2022 was 28%, caused by the preemergence treatment. In 2023, fluridone applied preemergence caused the greatest injury (42%) 2 wk after flood establishment, declining to 37% in late season (13 d before rice reached 50% heading). Yield reductions of 21% occurred with the delayed preemergence treatment in 2022 and 42% with the preemergence treatment in 2023. Mixing fluridone with standard herbicides increased rice injury by no more than eight percentage points compared with the herbicides applied alone. Additionally, no adverse effects on rice groundcover or grain yield resulted from fluridone in the mixture. These results indicate a need to avoid fluridone applications near planting because of negative impacts on rice. Furthermore, fluridone can be mixed with commonly used rice herbicides, offering minimal risk to rice.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence fluridone caused maximum rice injury of 28% in 2022.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first experiment, the maximum injury in 2022 was 28%, caused by the preemergence treatment.”
t0“Rice tolerance to fluridone”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence fluridone caused greatest rice injury of 42% two weeks after flood establishment in 2023.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- fluridone applied preemergencee0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Qualifier
- 2 wk after flood establishmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2023, fluridone applied preemergence caused the greatest injury (42%) 2 wk after flood establishment, declining to 37% in late season (13 d before rice reached 50% heading).”
t0“Rice tolerance to fluridone”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury from preemergence fluridone declined to 37% in late season in 2023.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- fluridone applied preemergencee0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- declininge0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Qualifier
- 13 d before rice reached 50% headinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2023, fluridone applied preemergence caused the greatest injury (42%) 2 wk after flood establishment, declining to 37% in late season (13 d before rice reached 50% heading).”
t0“Rice tolerance to fluridone”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed preemergence fluridone reduced rice yield by 21% in 2022.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- delayed preemergence treatmente0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield reductions of 21% occurred with the delayed preemergence treatment in 2022 and 42% with the preemergence treatment in 2023.”
t0“Rice tolerance to fluridone”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence fluridone reduced rice yield by 42% in 2023.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- preemergence treatmente0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield reductions of 21% occurred with the delayed preemergence treatment in 2022 and 42% with the preemergence treatment in 2023.”
t0“Rice tolerance to fluridone”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone mixtures increased rice injury by at most eight percentage points compared with partner herbicides alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Mixing fluridone with standard herbicidese0
- Outcome
- rice injurye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- eight percentage pointse0
- Comparator
- herbicides applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mixing fluridone with standard herbicides increased rice injury by no more than eight percentage points compared with the herbicides applied alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone mixtures had no adverse effect on rice groundcover or grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- fluridone in the mixturee0
- Outcome
- rice groundcover or grain yielde0
- Direction
- no adverse effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no adverse effects on rice groundcover or grain yield resulted from fluridone in the mixture.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend avoiding fluridone application near planting because of negative rice impacts.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- avoid fluridone applications near plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results indicate a need to avoid fluridone applications near planting because of negative impacts on rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider fluridone mixtures with commonly used rice herbicides to pose minimal risk to rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- fluridone can be mixed with commonly used rice herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fluridone can be mixed with commonly used rice herbicides, offering minimal risk to rice.”
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