Abstract
Abstract Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic herb produced for its bioactive compounds and commercial applications. However, commonly used methods for rosemary propagation have various limitations that impose the need to create appropriate protocols for in vitro propagation of this species. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of light quality and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on rosemary micropropagation. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with varying concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), meta-Topolin (mT), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), under different light treatments: fluorescent light (FL) and blue (BL), red (RL), and red-blue (RBL) LED lights. The highest fresh mass was formed by explants grown in medium with mT at 1.0 mg/L + 0.1 mg/L NAA under BL (88.05 ± 2.94 mg), while FL with the same PGR combination resulted in the highest dry mass (12.89 ± 0.55 mg). FL, in combination with 1.0 mg/L mT + 0.1 mg/L NAA, produced the highest number of new shoots (2.07 ± 0.04), and RL, in combination with cytokinin-free MS medium, induced the longest shoots (13.16 ± 0.37 mm). The highest number of nodes (3.91 ± 0.08) was recorded under BL in the cytokinin-free medium. For in vitro rooting, BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBA produced the highest rooting percentage (80.00 ± 5.77%), the highest number of roots (3.92 ± 0.15), and the longest roots (75.30 ± 1.76 mm). This treatment also resulted in the highest plantlet establishment rate (71.13 ± 4.43%), confirming the synergy between BL and mT + IBA in improving the efficiency of rosemary rooting and acclimatization. These results enable a more straightforward selection of the optimal light spectrum and PGR concentrations for individual stages of the rosemary micropropagation process and highlight the potential of LED lights as a more efficient alternative to traditional fluorescent lamps. Significance of the study What is already known about this subject? Previous research on various plant species has shown that light quality and PGRs are important factors in regulating and directing multiplication, rooting, and general development of in vitro plants. LED lights, especially those in the blue and red spectra, showed positive effects on the processes of photomorphogenesis and, in general, the growth and development of explants. However, research on the micropropagation of rosemary has usually been focused on callus formation and active compound production and rarely on developing effective protocols for producing high-quality planting material. What are the new findings? This research showed the potential of LED lighting to outperform standard fluorescent light during in vitro rosemary propagation. Also, mT was found to be more effective than 6-BAP in promoting shoot proliferation and multiplication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously investigate the synergistic effects of light quality and PGRs on rosemary micropropagation. What are the expected impacts on horticulture? The findings of this research provide an efficient and integrated approach to the in vitro propagation of rosemary. Energy-efficient LED lights and optimal PGR combinations allow commercial growers to produce high-quality planting material.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light with mT and NAA gave the highest explant fresh mass, 88.05 ± 2.94 mg.
- Taxon
- rosemary
Salvia rosmarinust0 - Organ / stage
- explantse0
- Treatment
- mT at 1.0 mg/L + 0.1 mg/L NAA under BLe0
- Outcome
- fresh masse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 88.05 ± 2.94 mge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest fresh mass was formed by explants grown in medium with mT at 1.0 mg/L + 0.1 mg/L NAA under BL (88.05 ± 2.94 mg)”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescent light with the same regulator combination gave the highest dry mass, 12.89 ± 0.55 mg.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- FL with the same PGR combinatione0
- Outcome
- dry masse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12.89 ± 0.55 mge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FL with the same PGR combination resulted in the highest dry mass (12.89 ± 0.55 mg)”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescent light with mT and NAA produced the most new shoots, 2.07 ± 0.04.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- FL, in combination with 1.0 mg/L mT + 0.1 mg/L NAAe0
- Outcome
- number of new shootse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.07 ± 0.04e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FL, in combination with 1.0 mg/L mT + 0.1 mg/L NAA, produced the highest number of new shoots (2.07 ± 0.04)”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light on cytokinin-free medium produced the longest shoots, 13.16 ± 0.37 mm.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- RL, in combination with cytokinin-free MS mediume0
- Outcome
- shootse0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- 13.16 ± 0.37 mme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RL, in combination with cytokinin-free MS medium, induced the longest shoots (13.16 ± 0.37 mm)”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light on cytokinin-free medium produced the most nodes, 3.91 ± 0.08.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- BL in the cytokinin-free mediume0
- Outcome
- number of nodese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.91 ± 0.08e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest number of nodes (3.91 ± 0.08) was recorded under BL in the cytokinin-free medium.”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light with mT and IBA gave the highest rooting percentage, 80.00 ± 5.77%.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBAe0
- Outcome
- rooting percentagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 80.00 ± 5.77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBA produced the highest rooting percentage (80.00 ± 5.77%)”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
The blue-light mT and IBA treatment gave the highest root count, 3.92 ± 0.15.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBAe0
- Outcome
- number of rootse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.92 ± 0.15e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBA produced the highest rooting percentage (80.00 ± 5.77%), the highest number of roots (3.92 ± 0.15)”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
The blue-light mT and IBA treatment gave the longest roots, 75.30 ± 1.76 mm.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBAe1
- Outcome
- rootse0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- 75.30 ± 1.76 mme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the longest roots (75.30 ± 1.76 mm)”
e1“BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBA produced the highest rooting percentage”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment gave the highest plantlet establishment rate, 71.13 ± 4.43%.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBAe1
- Outcome
- plantlet establishment ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 71.13 ± 4.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also resulted in the highest plantlet establishment rate (71.13 ± 4.43%)”
e1“BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBA”
t0“rosemary”
Claim · model-written summary
mT promoted shoot proliferation and multiplication more effectively than 6-BAP.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- mTe0
- Outcome
- shoot proliferation and multiplicatione0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- 6-BAPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mT was found to be more effective than 6-BAP in promoting shoot proliferation and multiplication”
t0“rosemary”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.