Abstract
BACKGROUND: Aluminum (Al) toxicity inhibits plant growth and alters gene expression and metabolite profiles. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of Al toxicity on peanut plants remain unclear. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were conducted to investigate the responses of peanut leaves and roots to Al toxicity. RESULTS: Al toxicity significantly inhibited peanut growth, disrupted antioxidant enzyme systems in roots and leaves, and impaired nutrient absorption. Under Al toxicity stress, the content of indole-3-acetic acid-aspartate (IAA-Asp) decreased by 23.94% in leaves but increased by 12.91% in roots. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) levels in leaves increased dramatically by 2642.86%. Methyl salicylate (MeSA) content in leaves and roots increased significantly by 140.00% and 472.22%, respectively. Conversely, isopentenyl adenosine (IPA) content decreased by 78.95% in leaves and 20.66% in roots. Transcriptome analysis identified 5831 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves and 6405 DEGs in roots, whereas metabolomics analysis revealed 210 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in leaves and 240 DAMs in roots. Under Al toxicity stress, both leaves and roots were significantly enriched in the "linoleic acid metabolism" pathway. Genes such as lipoxygenase LOX1-5 and LOX2S were differentially expressed, and metabolites, including linoleic acid and its oxidized derivatives, were differentially accumulated, mitigating oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: This study elaborates on the potential complex physiological and molecular mechanisms of peanuts under aluminum toxicity stress, and highlights the importance of linoleic acid metabolism in coping with aluminum toxicity. These findings enhance our understanding of the impact of aluminum toxicity on peanut development and the response of key metabolic pathways, providing potential molecular targets for genetic engineering to improve crop resistance to aluminum stress.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Al toxicity significantly inhibited peanut growth.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- Al toxicitye1
- Outcome
- peanut growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Al toxicity significantly inhibited peanut growth, disrupted antioxidant enzyme systems in roots and leaves, and impaired nutrient absorption”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Al toxicity disrupted antioxidant enzyme systems in peanut roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese1
- Treatment
- Al toxicitye1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme systemse1
- Direction
- disruptede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Al toxicity significantly inhibited peanut growth, disrupted antioxidant enzyme systems in roots and leaves, and impaired nutrient absorption”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Al toxicity impaired nutrient absorption in peanut.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Al toxicitye1
- Outcome
- nutrient absorptione1
- Direction
- impairede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Al toxicity significantly inhibited peanut growth, disrupted antioxidant enzyme systems in roots and leaves, and impaired nutrient absorption”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Al toxicity, indole-3-acetic acid-aspartate content decreased by 23.94% in peanut leaves.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Al toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- content of indole-3-acetic acid-aspartate (IAA-Asp)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 23.94%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under Al toxicity stress, the content of indole-3-acetic acid-aspartate (IAA-Asp) decreased by 23.94% in leaves but increased by 12.91% in roots”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Al toxicity, indole-3-acetic acid-aspartate content increased by 12.91% in peanut roots.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- Al toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- content of indole-3-acetic acid-aspartate (IAA-Asp)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 12.91%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under Al toxicity stress, the content of indole-3-acetic acid-aspartate (IAA-Asp) decreased by 23.94% in leaves but increased by 12.91% in roots”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Al toxicity, methyl jasmonate levels in peanut leaves increased dramatically by 2642.86%.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Al toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2642.86%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) levels in leaves increased dramatically by 2642.86%”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Al toxicity, methyl salicylate content in peanut leaves increased significantly by 140.00%.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Al toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- Methyl salicylate (MeSA) contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 140.00%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Methyl salicylate (MeSA) content in leaves and roots increased significantly by 140.00% and 472.22%, respectively”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Al toxicity, methyl salicylate content in peanut roots increased significantly by 472.22%.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- Al toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- Methyl salicylate (MeSA) contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 472.22%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Methyl salicylate (MeSA) content in leaves and roots increased significantly by 140.00% and 472.22%, respectively”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Al toxicity, isopentenyl adenosine content decreased by 78.95% in peanut leaves.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Al toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- isopentenyl adenosine (IPA) contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 78.95%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Conversely, isopentenyl adenosine (IPA) content decreased by 78.95% in leaves and 20.66% in roots”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Al toxicity, isopentenyl adenosine content decreased by 20.66% in peanut roots.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- Al toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- isopentenyl adenosine (IPA) contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 20.66%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Conversely, isopentenyl adenosine (IPA) content decreased by 78.95% in leaves and 20.66% in roots”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut leaves had 5831 differentially expressed genes.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e1
- Value
- 5831e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Transcriptome analysis identified 5831 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves and 6405 DEGs in roots, whereas metabolomics analysis revealed 210 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in leaves and 240 DAMs in roots”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut roots had 6405 differentially expressed genes.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e1
- Value
- 6405e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Transcriptome analysis identified 5831 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves and 6405 DEGs in roots, whereas metabolomics analysis revealed 210 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in leaves and 240 DAMs in roots”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut leaves had 210 differentially accumulated metabolites.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs)e1
- Value
- 210e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Transcriptome analysis identified 5831 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves and 6405 DEGs in roots, whereas metabolomics analysis revealed 210 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in leaves and 240 DAMs in roots”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut roots had 240 differentially accumulated metabolites.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Outcome
- differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs)e1
- Value
- 240e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Transcriptome analysis identified 5831 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves and 6405 DEGs in roots, whereas metabolomics analysis revealed 210 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in leaves and 240 DAMs in roots”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Al toxicity, the linoleic acid metabolism pathway was significantly enriched in peanut leaves and roots.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse1
- Treatment
- Al toxicity stresse1
- Outcome
- linoleic acid metabolisme1
- Direction
- enrichede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under Al toxicity stress, both leaves and roots were significantly enriched in the "linoleic acid metabolism" pathway”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipoxygenase genes LOX1-5 and LOX2S were differentially expressed in peanut under Al toxicity.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Gene
- lipoxygenase LOX1-5 and LOX2Se1
- Outcome
- differentially expressede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Genes such as lipoxygenase LOX1-5 and LOX2S were differentially expressed”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Linoleic acid and its oxidized derivatives were differentially accumulated in peanut.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Compound
- linoleic acid and its oxidized derivativese1
- Outcome
- differentially accumulatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“metabolites, including linoleic acid and its oxidized derivatives, were differentially accumulated, mitigating oxidative stress”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Linoleic acid and its oxidized derivatives appear to mitigate oxidative stress in peanut.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeat0
- Compound
- linoleic acid and its oxidized derivativese1
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“metabolites, including linoleic acid and its oxidized derivatives, were differentially accumulated, mitigating oxidative stress”
t0“The key metabolic pathway of roots and leaves responses in Arachis hypogaea under Al toxicity stress”
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