Abstract
A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of irrigation waters differing in salt composition on growth characteristics, salt ion and selenium (Se) accumulation, and distribution in plant components of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivar “Manokin.” Plants were grown in sand cultures and irrigated with isoosmotic solutions containing (1) Cl− as the dominant anion, or (2) a mixture of salts containing equal molar amounts of SO2-4 and Cl−. Six treatments of each salinity type were imposed. Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters ranged from 2.1 to 13.0 dSm−1. Selenium (1 mg · L−1, 12.7 μM) was added to all irrigation waters as Na2SeO4. Regardless of salinity type, soybean plants were generally taller under the low-salinity treatments in early vegetative stages of growth. Towards the end of vegetative stages and until final harvest, higher values of plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were found at the intermediate salinity levels (5.0 and 9.2 dS m−1), and higher salinity in general led to increased soybean leaf chlorophyll on a unit-area basis. Shoot-to-root ratios decreased with increasing chloride salinity, while the ratios remained nearly constant under the sulfate salinity treatment. Plant uptake and accumulation of salt ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−), K+, total phosphorus (p), and total sulfur (s) were generally not related to the type of salinity, except total S, where higher concentrations were found in leaves, stems, and roots in the sulfate than under the chloride salinity treatment. Selenium concentration in leaves and seeds was about 4 mg kg−1 at final harvest when irrigated with the sulfate-based saline waters. Under the chloride salinity treatment, Se level was found to be about three times higher in leaves and five times higher in seeds. In conclusion, different solution concentrations of SO2−4 and Cl− had no significant effect on soybean biophysical growth parameters or ion distribution. Whereas shoot-to-root ratios decreased with increasing chloride salinity, high-sulfate salinity reduced Se uptake by “Manokin” soybean.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean plants were generally taller at low salinity during early vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- early vegetative stages of growthe1
- Treatment
- low-salinity treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soybean plants were generally tallere1
- Direction
- tallere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“Regardless of salinity type, soybean plants were generally taller under the low-salinity treatments in early vegetative stages of growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At later vegetative stages, intermediate salinity produced higher plant height, leaf area and shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- end of vegetative stages and until final harveste1
- Treatment
- intermediate salinity levels (5.0 and 9.2 dS m−1)e1
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weighte1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“Towards the end of vegetative stages and until final harvest, higher values of plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were found at the intermediate salinity levels (5.0 and 9.2 dS m−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher salinity increased soybean leaf chlorophyll per unit area.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- higher salinitye1
- Outcome
- soybean leaf chlorophyll on a unit-area basise1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“higher salinity in general led to increased soybean leaf chlorophyll on a unit-area basis”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot-to-root ratios decreased as chloride salinity increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- chloride salinitye1
- Outcome
- Shoot-to-root ratiose1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“Shoot-to-root ratios decreased with increasing chloride salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot-to-root ratios remained nearly constant under sulfate salinity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- sulfate salinity treatmente1
- Outcome
- ratiose1
- Direction
- remained nearly constante1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“the ratios remained nearly constant under the sulfate salinity treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt ion, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur accumulation was generally unrelated to salinity type, apart from sulfur.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- type of salinitye1
- Outcome
- Plant uptake and accumulation of salt ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−), K+, total phosphorus (p), and total sulfur (s)e1
- Qualifier
- except total Se1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“Plant uptake and accumulation of salt ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−), K+, total phosphorus (p), and total sulfur (s) were generally not related to the type of salinity, except total S”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfate salinity gave higher total sulfur concentrations in soybean leaves, stems and roots than chloride salinity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leaves, stems, and rootse1
- Treatment
- sulfatee1
- Outcome
- concentrationse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- chloride salinity treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“higher concentrations were found in leaves, stems, and roots in the sulfate than under the chloride salinity treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium concentration at final harvest was about 4 mg kg−1 in soybean leaves with sulfate-based saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- sulfate-based saline waterse1
- Outcome
- Selenium concentration in leavese1
- Value
- 4 mg kg−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“Selenium concentration in leaves and seeds was about 4 mg kg−1 at final harvest when irrigated with the sulfate-based saline waters”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium concentration at final harvest was about 4 mg kg−1 in soybean seeds with sulfate-based saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- sulfate-based saline waterse1
- Outcome
- Selenium concentration in leaves and seedse1
- Value
- 4 mg kg−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“Selenium concentration in leaves and seeds was about 4 mg kg−1 at final harvest when irrigated with the sulfate-based saline waters”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride salinity yielded about three times the leaf selenium level of sulfate salinity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- chloride salinity treatmente1
- Outcome
- Se levele1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- three timese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“Under the chloride salinity treatment, Se level was found to be about three times higher in leaves and five times higher in seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride salinity yielded about five times the seed selenium level of sulfate salinity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- chloride salinity treatmente1
- Outcome
- Se levele1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- five timese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“Under the chloride salinity treatment, Se level was found to be about three times higher in leaves and five times higher in seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Different sulfate and chloride solution concentrations had no significant effect on soybean biophysical growth parameters or ion distribution.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- different solution concentrations of SO2−4 and Cl−e1
- Outcome
- soybean biophysical growth parameters or ion distributione1
- Direction
- no significant effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“different solution concentrations of SO2−4 and Cl− had no significant effect on soybean biophysical growth parameters or ion distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
High sulfate salinity reduced selenium uptake by Manokin soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- Manokine1
- Treatment
- high-sulfate salinitye1
- Outcome
- Se uptakee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e1“high-sulfate salinity reduced Se uptake by “Manokin” soybean”
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