Abstract
Introduction The cultivation of Citrus sinensis Osbeck, the fruit with the largest planting scale and yield in Western Hubei Province of China, currently faces significant challenges related to low fruit quality and water use efficiency (WUE). This study aims to enhance citrus quality, yield, and WUE in the region by investigating the effects of water deficit and film mulching on 10-year-old citrus trees. Methods From 2019 to 2021, three levels of water deficit (Light: 80%-90%, Moderate:70%-80%, Severe: 60%-70% of field capacity) and four mulching treatments (A: Japanese film, B: Dupont film, C: Chinese film, and no mulching) were implemented at the young fruit stage. Full irrigation (90%-100% of field capacity) was used as the control. Results and discussion The light reflectance of films A, B, and C increased by 43.7%, 44.6%, and 6.3% respectively on sunny days compared to no mulching. Films A and B exhibited 2.2 times higher reflectivity than film C. Moderate water deficit - Japanese film (M-A) and moderate water deficit - Dupont film(M-B) treatments demonstrated the greatest improvement in citrus quality. Water deficit combined with film mulching resulted in an average increase in WUE of 10.90%-20.35% compared to full irrigation, and 8.96%-16.52% compared to no mulching. Mulching led to an average increase in citrus yield of 3.09%-16.48% compared to no mulching. The interaction between water deficit and film mulching significantly influenced both yield and WUE. From 2019-2021, M-A and M-B treatments yielded the highest citrus production, consistently demonstrating superior performance. Therefore, the better treatments would be a combination of M-A and M-B treatments, which correspond to soil moisture levels of 70% θ f –80% θ f during the young fruit period of citrus under mulching with films A and B. This combination was expected to enhance citrus quality, yield, and WUE. The outcome of this study may offer scientific basis and technical support for citrus irrigation management in Western Hubei, China.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Japanese film increased light reflectance by 43.7% versus no mulching.
- Treatment
- films Ae0
- Outcome
- light reflectancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43.7%e0
- Qualifier
- sunny dayse0
- Comparator
- no mulchinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The light reflectance of films A, B, and C increased by 43.7%, 44.6%, and 6.3% respectively on sunny days compared to no mulching”
Claim · model-written summary
Dupont film increased light reflectance by 44.6% versus no mulching.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The light reflectance of films A, B, and C increased by 43.7%, 44.6%, and 6.3% respectively on sunny days compared to no mulching”
Claim · model-written summary
Chinese film increased light reflectance by 6.3% versus no mulching.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The light reflectance of films A, B, and C increased by 43.7%, 44.6%, and 6.3% respectively on sunny days compared to no mulching”
Claim · model-written summary
Films A and B had 2.2 times higher reflectivity than film C.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Films A and B exhibited 2.2 times higher reflectivity than film C”
Claim · model-written summary
M-A gave among the greatest citrus quality improvements.
- Treatment
- Moderate water deficit - Japanese film (M-A)e0
- Outcome
- citrus qualitye0
- Direction
- greatest improvemente0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moderate water deficit - Japanese film (M-A) and moderate water deficit - Dupont film(M-B) treatments demonstrated the greatest improvement in citrus quality”
Claim · model-written summary
M-B gave among the greatest citrus quality improvements.
- Treatment
- moderate water deficit - Dupont film(M-B)e0
- Outcome
- citrus qualitye0
- Direction
- greatest improvemente0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moderate water deficit - Japanese film (M-A) and moderate water deficit - Dupont film(M-B) treatments demonstrated the greatest improvement in citrus quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit with film mulching raised WUE by 10.90%-20.35% versus full irrigation.
- Treatment
- Water deficit combined with film mulchinge0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10.90%-20.35%e0
- Comparator
- full irrigatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit combined with film mulching resulted in an average increase in WUE of 10.90%-20.35% compared to full irrigation, and 8.96%-16.52% compared to no mulching”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit with film mulching raised WUE by 8.96%-16.52% versus no mulching.
- Treatment
- Water deficit combined with film mulchinge0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 8.96%-16.52%e0
- Comparator
- no mulchinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit combined with film mulching resulted in an average increase in WUE of 10.90%-20.35% compared to full irrigation, and 8.96%-16.52% compared to no mulching”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching increased citrus yield by 3.09%-16.48%.
- Treatment
- Mulchinge0
- Outcome
- citrus yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.09%-16.48%e0
- Comparator
- no mulchinge0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulching led to an average increase in citrus yield of 3.09%-16.48% compared to no mulching”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit and film mulching interacted significantly for yield and WUE.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between water deficit and film mulching significantly influenced both yield and WUE”
Claim · model-written summary
M-A produced the highest citrus yield during 2019-2021.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From 2019-2021, M-A and M-B treatments yielded the highest citrus production, consistently demonstrating superior performance”
Claim · model-written summary
M-B produced the highest citrus yield during 2019-2021.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From 2019-2021, M-A and M-B treatments yielded the highest citrus production, consistently demonstrating superior performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors favor M-A and M-B with 70% θ f –80% θ f soil moisture during young fruit growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the better treatments would be a combination of M-A and M-B treatments, which correspond to soil moisture levels of 70% θ f –80% θ f during the young fruit period of citrus under mulching with films A and B”
The same questions in other papers
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
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2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →drought · quality: general · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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mulching · physiology: water · CitrusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
mulching · yield · CitrusResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.