Abstract
Summary Two year old apple ( Malus domestica Borkh. cv. 'Golden Delicious') trees on 'M9' were exposed to ambient (350 ± 10 ppm) and doubled (700 ± 10 ppm) atmospheric CO 2 for 120 d in growth chambers situated in an apple orchard. Doubled CO 2 promoted tree growth, indicated by more leaves and shoots, a larger average leaf area, and total leaf dry weight per tree, as well as a wider canopy and trunk diameter. Average shoot length and diameter, shoot length per tree, tree height, and total leaf area increased, whereas specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of the trees decreased at 700 ppm CO 2 . When compared to trees grown under 350 ppm CO 2 , 700 ppm CO 2 -treated trees stimulated the mean daily growth rate of total leaf area by 73-130%, total shoot length by 161-162%, and plant dry mass by 134-158%, respectively. Impacts of long-term atmospheric CO 2 enrichment on dry weight ratio in different components of the trees were more prominent in above-ground organs than in roots. High CO 2 raised leaf and shoot dry weight ratio, but reduced stem dry weight ratio, whereas root dry weight ratio and root/shoot ratio of the trees were not affected throughout the experiment. On average, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were 0.6-1.7 g m -2 d -1 and 1.2-3.9 g kg -1 d -1 higher in trees grown at 700 than in those at 350 ppm CO 2 , but tended to decline with the duration of CO 2 treatment. The physiological and morphological mechanisms for the increased apple tree growth and plant development by the doubled atmospheric CO 2 concentration were associated with net assimilation rate and relative growth rate of the plants as well as cell differentiation and elongation of the plant organs. The adjustment of plant growth under long-term atmospheric CO 2 enrichment resulted from the plant adaptation to high CO 2 conditions, which was affected by carbon sink/source availability and strength.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Doubled CO 2 increased leaf and shoot numbers, average leaf area, leaf dry weight, canopy width, and trunk diameter.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Doubled CO 2e0
- Outcome
- more leaves and shoots, a larger average leaf area, and total leaf dry weight per treee0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Doubled CO 2 promoted tree growth, indicated by more leaves and shoots, a larger average leaf area, and total leaf dry weight per tree, as well as a wider canopy and trunk diameter.”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
At 700 ppm CO 2, average shoot length and diameter, shoot length per tree, tree height, and total leaf area increased.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 700 ppm CO 2e0
- Outcome
- Average shoot length and diameter, shoot length per tree, tree height, and total leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average shoot length and diameter, shoot length per tree, tree height, and total leaf area increased, whereas specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of the trees decreased at 700 ppm CO 2 .”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area and leaf area ratio decreased at 700 ppm CO 2.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 700 ppm CO 2e0
- Outcome
- specific leaf area and leaf area ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of the trees decreased at 700 ppm CO 2”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Total leaf area daily growth rate increased by 73-130% at 700 ppm compared with 350 ppm CO 2.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 700 ppm CO 2e0
- Outcome
- mean daily growth rate of total leaf areae0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 73-130%e0
- Comparator
- 350 ppm CO 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When compared to trees grown under 350 ppm CO 2 , 700 ppm CO 2 -treated trees stimulated the mean daily growth rate of total leaf area by 73-130%”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Total shoot length daily growth rate increased by 161-162% at 700 ppm CO 2.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 700 ppm CO 2e1
- Outcome
- total shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede1
- Value
- 161-162%e0
- Comparator
- 350 ppm CO 2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total shoot length by 161-162%”
e1“When compared to trees grown under 350 ppm CO 2 , 700 ppm CO 2 -treated trees stimulated the mean daily growth rate of total leaf area”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant dry mass daily growth rate increased by 134-158% at 700 ppm CO 2.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 700 ppm CO 2e1
- Outcome
- plant dry masse0
- Direction
- stimulatede1
- Value
- 134-158%e0
- Comparator
- 350 ppm CO 2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant dry mass by 134-158%”
e1“When compared to trees grown under 350 ppm CO 2 , 700 ppm CO 2 -treated trees stimulated the mean daily growth rate of total leaf area”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO 2 had more prominent dry weight ratio effects in above-ground organs than roots.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- above-ground organse0
- Treatment
- long-term atmospheric CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- dry weight ratio in different components of the treese0
- Direction
- more prominente0
- Comparator
- rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Impacts of long-term atmospheric CO 2 enrichment on dry weight ratio in different components of the trees were more prominent in above-ground organs than in roots.”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
High CO 2 increased leaf and shoot dry weight ratios.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- High CO 2e0
- Outcome
- leaf and shoot dry weight ratioe0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High CO 2 raised leaf and shoot dry weight ratio”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
High CO 2 reduced stem dry weight ratio.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- High CO 2e1
- Outcome
- stem dry weight ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but reduced stem dry weight ratio”
e1“High CO 2 raised leaf and shoot dry weight ratio”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dry weight and root/shoot ratios were unaffected.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- High CO 2e1
- Outcome
- root dry weight ratio and root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root dry weight ratio and root/shoot ratio of the trees were not affected throughout the experiment.”
e1“High CO 2 raised leaf and shoot dry weight ratio”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate was 0.6-1.7 g m -2 d -1 higher at 700 than 350 ppm CO 2.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 700e0
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.6-1.7 g m -2 d -1e0
- Comparator
- 350 ppm CO 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were 0.6-1.7 g m -2 d -1 and 1.2-3.9 g kg -1 d -1 higher in trees grown at 700 than in those at 350 ppm CO 2”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative growth rate was 1.2-3.9 g kg -1 d -1 higher at 700 than 350 ppm CO 2.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 700e0
- Outcome
- relative growth ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.2-3.9 g kg -1 d -1e0
- Comparator
- 350 ppm CO 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were 0.6-1.7 g m -2 d -1 and 1.2-3.9 g kg -1 d -1 higher in trees grown at 700 than in those at 350 ppm CO 2”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation and relative growth rates tended to decline with treatment duration.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CO 2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- net assimilation rate and relative growth ratee1
- Direction
- declinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but tended to decline with the duration of CO 2 treatment.”
e1“On average, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors associated elevated CO 2 growth response with assimilation and growth rates and cell differentiation and elongation.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- doubled atmospheric CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- increased apple tree growth and plant developmente0
- Qualifier
- net assimilation rate and relative growth rate of the plants as well as cell differentiation and elongation of the plant organse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The physiological and morphological mechanisms for the increased apple tree growth and plant development by the doubled atmospheric CO 2 concentration were associated with net assimilation rate and relative growth rate of the plants as well as cell differentiation and elongation of the plant organs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attributed long-term growth adjustment to adaptation affected by sink/source availability and strength.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- long-term atmospheric CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- adjustment of plant growthe0
- Qualifier
- carbon sink/source availability and strengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The adjustment of plant growth under long-term atmospheric CO 2 enrichment resulted from the plant adaptation to high CO 2 conditions, which was affected by carbon sink/source availability and strength.”
t0“apple trees”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
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- positive
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.