Abstract
Despite growing interest in adopting water-conserving strategies such as deficit irrigation (DI) and biochar amendment in arid and semi-arid regions, there are remarkably few studies conducted on the integration of these two strategies in water limited West Texas region. The aim of this study was to assess the interactive effects of DI and biochar amendment on saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil and the growth, physiology and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in West Texas. A split-plot design was used to randomize four irrigation treatments (with two levels before and after mid-season) as the main plot [I1: 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)-100% ETc, I2: 80% ETc-60% ETc, I3: 60% ETc-80% ETc, I4: 40% ETc-40% ETc] and three biochar rates as subplot [0 t/ha, 15 t/ha, and 20 t/ha] with four replications. Irrigation level I4 negatively impacted chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) when the weather was hot and dry in 2022 compared to other treatments. Leaf area index (LAI) under I4 declined significantly by 52% and the final dry biomass by 47% compared to I1 across two years, although I3 reduced biomass by 17% only in 2022. As compared to I1, the yield penalties due to water stress in I2, I3, and I4 were 14, 16, and 34%, respectively, across two years. Although biochar rates 15 t/ha and 20 t/ha significantly increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil by 1.6 and 2.2 folds in 2022 compared to the unamended control but biochar's impact on cucumber growth, physiology, and yield was minimum during both years. Hence, our findings suggest that I2 can be adopted as an alternative to full irrigation which requires 25% less water and has 14% narrow yield gap. Biochar studies are needed to assess whether added biochar has an apparent long-term effect on improving cucumber yield.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
I4 negatively affected cucumber chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration in hot, dry 2022 weather relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- I4e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiratione0
- Direction
- negatively impactede0
- Qualifier
- when the weather was hot and dry in 2022e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation level I4 negatively impacted chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) when the weather was hot and dry in 2022 compared to other treatments.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
I4 negatively affected cucumber photosynthesis and intrinsic water use efficiency in hot, dry 2022 weather.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- I4e0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE)e0
- Direction
- negatively impactede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation level I4 negatively impacted chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) when the weather was hot and dry in 2022 compared to other treatments.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
I4 reduced cucumber leaf area index by 52% relative to I1 over two years.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- I4e0
- Outcome
- Leaf area index (LAI)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Comparator
- I1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area index (LAI) under I4 declined significantly by 52% and the final dry biomass by 47% compared to I1 across two years”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
I4 reduced final dry biomass by 47% relative to I1 across two years.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- I4e0
- Outcome
- final dry biomasse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 47%e0
- Comparator
- I1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area index (LAI) under I4 declined significantly by 52% and the final dry biomass by 47% compared to I1 across two years”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
I3 reduced biomass by 17% in 2022.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- I3e0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Qualifier
- only in 2022e0
- Comparator
- I1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I3 reduced biomass by 17% only in 2022”
e1“Leaf area index (LAI) under I4 declined significantly by 52% and the final dry biomass by 47% compared to I1 across two years”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative to I1, I2 incurred a 14% cucumber yield penalty across two years.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- I2e0
- Outcome
- yield penaltiese0
- Direction
- penaltiese0
- Value
- 14%e1
- Comparator
- I1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to I1, the yield penalties due to water stress in I2, I3, and I4 were 14, 16, and 34%, respectively, across two years.”
e1“I2 can be adopted as an alternative to full irrigation which requires 25% less water and has 14% narrow yield gap”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative to I1, I3 incurred a 16% cucumber yield penalty across two years.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- I3e0
- Outcome
- yield penaltiese0
- Direction
- penaltiese0
- Value
- 16e0
- Comparator
- I1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to I1, the yield penalties due to water stress in I2, I3, and I4 were 14, 16, and 34%, respectively, across two years.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative to I1, I4 incurred a 34% cucumber yield penalty across two years.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- I4e0
- Outcome
- yield penaltiese0
- Direction
- penaltiese0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- I1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to I1, the yield penalties due to water stress in I2, I3, and I4 were 14, 16, and 34%, respectively, across two years.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 15 t/ha increased saturated soil hydraulic conductivity 1.6 fold in 2022.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- biochar rates 15 t/hae0
- Outcome
- saturated hydraulic conductivity of soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.6e0
- Comparator
- unamended controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar rates 15 t/ha and 20 t/ha significantly increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil by 1.6 and 2.2 folds in 2022 compared to the unamended control”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 20 t/ha increased saturated soil hydraulic conductivity 2.2 fold in 2022.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 20 t/hae0
- Outcome
- saturated hydraulic conductivity of soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.2 foldse0
- Comparator
- unamended controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar rates 15 t/ha and 20 t/ha significantly increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil by 1.6 and 2.2 folds in 2022 compared to the unamended control”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar had minimal impact on cucumber growth, physiology, and yield in both years.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- growth, physiology, and yielde0
- Direction
- minimume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar's impact on cucumber growth, physiology, and yield was minimum during both years”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest I2 as an alternative to full irrigation, using 25% less water with a 14% yield gap.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- I2 can be adopted as an alternative to full irrigatione0
- Value
- 25%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I2 can be adopted as an alternative to full irrigation which requires 25% less water and has 14% narrow yield gap”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for longer term biochar studies of cucumber yield.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- Biochar studies are needed to assess whether added biochar has an apparent long-term effect on improving cucumber yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar studies are needed to assess whether added biochar has an apparent long-term effect on improving cucumber yield.”
The same questions in other papers
biochar · yield · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
14 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →biochar · soil: physics · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.