Abstract
Abstract Grafting can promote the growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cucumber seedlings under reduced nitrogen (N) application, however, its underlying mechanisms and effects on mature plants remain unknown. For this purpose, self‐grafted and rootstock‐grafted cucumber plants were treated with two N levels (7 and 4 mM) throughout the entire growth period. The long‐term reduced‐N treatment significantly limited the growth, root morphology, nitrate (NO 3 − ) uptake, NUE traits, photosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity, yield, and fruit quality of self‐grafted plants but had no influence on rootstock‐grafted plants, it even improved their NUE traits, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and PAL activity. Furthermore, the expression of the NRT1.2 , NRT1.5 , NRT2.2, and NRT2.5 genes were significantly down‐regulated in self‐grafted plant roots, while they and the transcription factors NLP6 and LBD38 were up‐regulated in rootstock‐grafted plant roots under reduced‐N environments. Correlation analysis showed that plant growth, root surface area, N‐accumulation, N‐uptake efficiency (NUpE), NUE, photosynthesis, PAL activity, yield, and fruit quality were all positively correlated with each other; meanwhile, the root morphology, NRT1.2 and NRT2.1 gene expression were all positively correlated with NUpE and NUE. The results demonstrate that under reduced‐N application, rootstock grafting can enhance NO 3 − uptake and N accumulation to improve the NUE of cucumber plants and resist reduced‐N environment through secondary metabolism, maintaining growth, photosynthesis, yield, and fruit quality without adverse effects. The up‐regulation of NRT genes and related transcription factors regulates the NO 3 − uptake in rootstock‐grafted plants. Rootstock grafting will be beneficial for fertilizer conservation and efficient cucumber production. yield and fruit quality.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen limited growth, root morphology and nitrate uptake in self-grafted cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Material
- self‐grafted plantse0
- Treatment
- long‐term reduced‐N treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth, root morphology, nitrate (NO 3 − ) uptakee0
- Direction
- limitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The long‐term reduced‐N treatment significantly limited the growth, root morphology, nitrate (NO 3 − ) uptake, NUE traits, photosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity, yield, and fruit quality of self‐grafted plants”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen limited NUE, photosynthesis and PAL activity in self-grafted plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Material
- self‐grafted plantse0
- Treatment
- long‐term reduced‐N treatmente0
- Outcome
- NUE traits, photosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activitye0
- Direction
- limitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The long‐term reduced‐N treatment significantly limited the growth, root morphology, nitrate (NO 3 − ) uptake, NUE traits, photosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity, yield, and fruit quality of self‐grafted plants”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen limited yield and fruit quality in self-grafted plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Material
- self‐grafted plantse0
- Treatment
- long‐term reduced‐N treatmente0
- Outcome
- yield, and fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- limitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The long‐term reduced‐N treatment significantly limited the growth, root morphology, nitrate (NO 3 − ) uptake, NUE traits, photosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity, yield, and fruit quality of self‐grafted plants”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen did not influence measured growth, uptake, yield and quality traits in rootstock-grafted plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Material
- rootstock‐grafted plantse0
- Treatment
- long‐term reduced‐N treatmente1
- Outcome
- growth, root morphology, nitrate (NO 3 − ) uptake, NUE traits, photosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity, yield, and fruit qualitye1
- Direction
- no influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but had no influence on rootstock‐grafted plants”
e1“The long‐term reduced‐N treatment significantly limited the growth, root morphology, nitrate (NO 3 − ) uptake, NUE traits, photosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity, yield, and fruit quality of self‐grafted plants but had no influence on rootstock‐grafted plants”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen downregulated NRT1.2, NRT1.5, NRT2.2 and NRT2.5 in self-grafted roots.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- reduced‐N environmentse1
- Outcome
- expression of the NRT1.2 , NRT1.5 , NRT2.2, and NRT2.5 genese0
- Direction
- down‐regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of the NRT1.2 , NRT1.5 , NRT2.2, and NRT2.5 genes were significantly down‐regulated in self‐grafted plant roots”
e1“under reduced‐N environments”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen upregulated NRT genes and NLP6 and LBD38 in rootstock-grafted roots.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- reduced‐N environmentse0
- Gene
- NRT1.2 , NRT1.5 , NRT2.2, and NRT2.5 genese1
- Outcome
- NLP6 and LBD38e0
- Direction
- up‐regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they and the transcription factors NLP6 and LBD38 were up‐regulated in rootstock‐grafted plant roots under reduced‐N environments”
e1“NRT1.2 , NRT1.5 , NRT2.2, and NRT2.5 genes”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth, root surface area and nitrogen accumulation correlated positively with uptake efficiency and NUE.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- root surface areae0
- Outcome
- plant growth, root surface area, N‐accumulatione0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth, root surface area, N‐accumulation, N‐uptake efficiency (NUpE), NUE, photosynthesis, PAL activity, yield, and fruit quality were all positively correlated with each other”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthesis, PAL activity, yield and fruit quality correlated positively with the other growth and NUE measures.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- root surface areae0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis, PAL activity, yield, and fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth, root surface area, N‐accumulation, N‐uptake efficiency (NUpE), NUE, photosynthesis, PAL activity, yield, and fruit quality were all positively correlated with each other”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Root morphology and NRT1.2 and NRT2.1 expression correlated positively with NUpE and NUE.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Gene
- NRT1.2 and NRT2.1e0
- Outcome
- NUpE and NUEe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the root morphology, NRT1.2 and NRT2.1 gene expression were all positively correlated with NUpE and NUE”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute greater NUE under low nitrogen to rootstock grafting enhancing nitrate uptake and nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- rootstock graftinge0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Qualifier
- enhance NO 3 − uptake and N accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under reduced‐N application, rootstock grafting can enhance NO 3 − uptake and N accumulation to improve the NUE of cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute maintained growth, photosynthesis, yield and fruit quality to secondary metabolism under reduced nitrogen.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- growth, photosynthesis, yield, and fruit qualitye0
- Qualifier
- through secondary metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resist reduced‐N environment through secondary metabolism, maintaining growth, photosynthesis, yield, and fruit quality without adverse effects”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that upregulated NRT genes and transcription factors regulate nitrate uptake in rootstock-grafted plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Gene
- NRT genes and related transcription factorse0
- Outcome
- NO 3 − uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The up‐regulation of NRT genes and related transcription factors regulates the NO 3 − uptake in rootstock‐grafted plants”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend rootstock grafting for fertilizer conservation and efficient cucumber production.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- Rootstock graftinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rootstock grafting will be beneficial for fertilizer conservation and efficient cucumber production”
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