Abstract
The tomato is among the crops with the most extensive cultivated area and greatest consumption in our nation; nonetheless, secondary salinization of facility soil significantly hinders the sustainable growth of facility agriculture. Melatonin (MT), as an innovative plant growth regulator, is essential in stress responses. This research used a hydroponic setup to replicate saline stress conditions. Different endogenous levels of melatonin (MT) were established by foliar spraying of 100 μmol·L−1 MT, the MT synthesis inhibitor p-CPA (100 μmol·L−1), and a combination of p-CPA and MT, to investigate the mechanism by which MT mitigates the effects of salt stress on the photosynthetic efficiency of tomato seedlings. Results indicated that after six days of salt stress, the endogenous MT content in tomato seedlings drastically decreased, with declines in the net photosynthetic rate and photosystem performance indices (PItotal and PIabs). The OJIP fluorescence curve exhibited distortion, characterized by anomalous K-band and L-band manifestations. Exogenous MT dramatically enhanced the gene (TrpDC, T5H, SNAcT, and AcSNMT) expression of critical enzymes in MT synthesis, therefore boosting the level of endogenous MT. The application of MT enhanced the photosynthetic parameters. MT treatment decreased the fluorescence intensities of the J-phase and I-phase in the OJIP curve under salt stress, attenuated the irregularities in the K-band and L-band performance, and concurrently enhanced quantum yield and energy partitioning ratios. It specifically elevated φPo, φEo, and ψo, while decreasing φDo. The therapy enhanced parameters of both the membrane model (ABS/RC, DIo/RC, ETo/RC, and TRo/RC) and leaf model (ABS/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm, and DIo/CSm). Conversely, the injection of exogenous p-CPA exacerbated salt stress-related damage to the photosystem of tomato seedlings and diminished the beneficial effects of MT. The findings suggest that exogenous MT mitigates salt stress-induced photoinhibition by (1) modulating endogenous MT concentrations, (2) augmenting PSII reaction center functionality, (3) safeguarding the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), (4) reinstating PSI redox potential, (5) facilitating photosynthetic electron transport, and (6) optimizing energy absorption and dissipation. As a result, MT markedly enhanced photochemical performance and facilitated development and salt stress resilience in tomato seedlings.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased endogenous melatonin content and photosynthetic performance after six days.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlings
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- endogenous MT content in tomato seedlingse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- after six dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after six days of salt stress, the endogenous MT content in tomato seedlings drastically decreased, with declines in the net photosynthetic rate and photosystem performance indices (PItotal and PIabs)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased net photosynthetic rate and photosystem performance indices.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate and photosystem performance indices (PItotal and PIabs)e0
- Direction
- declinese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“declines in the net photosynthetic rate and photosystem performance indices (PItotal and PIabs)”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress distorted the OJIP curve with anomalous K and L bands.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- distortion, characterized by anomalous K-band and L-band manifestationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OJIP fluorescence curve exhibited distortion, characterized by anomalous K-band and L-band manifestations”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin enhanced expression of four synthesis enzyme genes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous MTe0
- Outcome
- gene (TrpDC, T5H, SNAcT, and AcSNMT) expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous MT dramatically enhanced the gene (TrpDC, T5H, SNAcT, and AcSNMT) expression of critical enzymes in MT synthesis”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin boosted endogenous melatonin.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Outcome
- level of endogenous MTe0
- Direction
- boostinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“therefore boosting the level of endogenous MT”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin enhanced photosynthetic parameters.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of MT enhanced the photosynthetic parameters”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin decreased J and I phase fluorescence under salt stress.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MT treatmente0
- Outcome
- fluorescence intensities of the J-phase and I-phasee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT treatment decreased the fluorescence intensities of the J-phase and I-phase in the OJIP curve under salt stress”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin attenuated K and L band irregularities.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- irregularities in the K-band and L-band performancee0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“attenuated the irregularities in the K-band and L-band performance”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin enhanced quantum yield and energy partitioning ratios.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- quantum yield and energy partitioning ratiose0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced quantum yield and energy partitioning ratios”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin elevated φPo, φEo and ψo.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- φPo, φEo, and ψoe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It specifically elevated φPo, φEo, and ψo”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin decreased φDo.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- φDoe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while decreasing φDo”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin enhanced membrane model parameters.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- parameters of both the membrane model (ABS/RC, DIo/RC, ETo/RC, and TRo/RC) and leaf model (ABS/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm, and DIo/CSm)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The therapy enhanced parameters of both the membrane model (ABS/RC, DIo/RC, ETo/RC, and TRo/RC) and leaf model (ABS/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm, and DIo/CSm)”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
p-CPA exacerbated photosystem damage and reduced the benefits of melatonin.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous p-CPAe0
- Outcome
- salt stress-related damage to the photosystem of tomato seedlingse0
- Direction
- exacerbatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the injection of exogenous p-CPA exacerbated salt stress-related damage to the photosystem of tomato seedlings and diminished the beneficial effects of MT”
Claim · model-written summary
p-CPA diminished the beneficial effects of melatonin.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous p-CPAe0
- Outcome
- beneficial effects of MTe0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the injection of exogenous p-CPA exacerbated salt stress-related damage to the photosystem of tomato seedlings and diminished the beneficial effects of MT”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer melatonin mitigates photoinhibition via endogenous melatonin, PSII, oxygen evolving complex, PSI and electron transport changes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous MTe0
- Outcome
- salt stress-induced photoinhibitione0
- Qualifier
- modulating endogenous MT concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous MT mitigates salt stress-induced photoinhibition by (1) modulating endogenous MT concentrations, (2) augmenting PSII reaction center functionality, (3) safeguarding the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), (4) reinstating PSI redox potential, (5) facilitating photosynthetic electron transport, and (6) optimizing energy absorption and dissipation”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
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