Abstract
Abstract GRAIN SIZE ON CHROMOSOME 2 ( GS2 ) has been reported to enhance rice grain yield and confer tolerance to cold, drought, and salt stress, but its function in heat tolerance of rice remains undocumented. This study aimed to investigate whether GS2 could enhance thermal tolerance by subjecting rice seedlings of Huazhan (HZ) and its near‐isogenic line (HZ − GS2 ) to heat stress. HZ − GS2 plants exhibited less damage compared to HZ plants under heat stress. Transcriptome revealed the involvement of phytohormones, sugar signaling, and energy metabolism in the mechanism by which GS2 influences heat tolerance. Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 plants showed higher increases or lower decreases in glucose, gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), energy charge, as well as the activities of hexokinase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, ATP synthase, and ATPase. Exogenous GA 3 enhanced heat tolerance in rice by increasing energy charge, ATPase, activities of complex V and hexokinase. Additionally, glucose, sucrose, 3‐aminobenzamide (3‐ab), and Na 2 SO 3 conferred heat tolerance in rice plants. Importantly, a significant increase in Fv/Fm was observed in plants treated with a combination of GA 3 , glucose, and 3‐ab, compared to those sprayed alone. Thus, GS2 coordinates GA 3 , hexokinase, and energy metabolism to improve energy status, thereby enhancing heat tolerance in rice plants.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
HZ − GS2 rice showed less heat damage than HZ under heat stress.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- HZ − GS2e0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- HZ plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HZ − GS2 plants exhibited less damage compared to HZ plants under heat stress.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomic data implicated phytohormones, sugar signaling and energy metabolism in GS2 heat tolerance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- GS2e0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- phytohormones, sugar signaling, and energy metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome revealed the involvement of phytohormones, sugar signaling, and energy metabolism in the mechanism by which GS2 influences heat tolerance.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 had higher increases or smaller decreases in glucose, GAs and SA.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HZ − GS2e0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- glucose, gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- higher increases or lower decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 plants showed higher increases or lower decreases in glucose, gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), energy charge, as well as the activities of hexokinase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, ATP synthase, and ATPase.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 had higher increases or smaller decreases in IAA, ATP and energy charge.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HZ − GS2e0
- Outcome
- indoleacetic acid (IAA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), energy chargee0
- Direction
- higher increases or lower decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 plants showed higher increases or lower decreases in glucose, gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), energy charge, as well as the activities of hexokinase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, ATP synthase, and ATPase.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 had higher increases or smaller decreases in hexokinase, NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HZ − GS2e0
- Outcome
- activities of hexokinase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidasee0
- Direction
- higher increases or lower decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 plants showed higher increases or lower decreases in glucose, gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), energy charge, as well as the activities of hexokinase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, ATP synthase, and ATPase.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 had higher increases or smaller decreases in ATP synthase and ATPase activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HZ − GS2e0
- Outcome
- ATP synthase, and ATPasee0
- Direction
- higher increases or lower decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under heat stress, HZ − GS2 plants showed higher increases or lower decreases in glucose, gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), energy charge, as well as the activities of hexokinase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, ATP synthase, and ATPase.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA 3 enhanced rice heat tolerance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Exogenous GA 3e0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous GA 3 enhanced heat tolerance in rice by increasing energy charge, ATPase, activities of complex V and hexokinase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA 3 raised energy charge, ATPase activity and complex V activity in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Exogenous GA 3e0
- Outcome
- energy charge, ATPase, activities of complex Ve0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous GA 3 enhanced heat tolerance in rice by increasing energy charge, ATPase, activities of complex V and hexokinase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA 3 increased hexokinase activity in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Exogenous GA 3e0
- Outcome
- hexokinasee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous GA 3 enhanced heat tolerance in rice by increasing energy charge, ATPase, activities of complex V and hexokinase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose conferred heat tolerance in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- glucosee0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- conferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glucose, sucrose, 3‐aminobenzamide (3‐ab), and Na 2 SO 3 conferred heat tolerance in rice plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose conferred heat tolerance in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- sucrosee0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- conferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glucose, sucrose, 3‐aminobenzamide (3‐ab), and Na 2 SO 3 conferred heat tolerance in rice plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
3‐aminobenzamide conferred heat tolerance in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 3‐aminobenzamide (3‐ab)e0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- conferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glucose, sucrose, 3‐aminobenzamide (3‐ab), and Na 2 SO 3 conferred heat tolerance in rice plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Na 2 SO 3 conferred heat tolerance in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Na 2 SO 3e0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- conferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glucose, sucrose, 3‐aminobenzamide (3‐ab), and Na 2 SO 3 conferred heat tolerance in rice plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined GA 3, glucose and 3‐ab increased Fv/Fm compared with individual sprays.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- a combination of GA 3 , glucose, and 3‐abe0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- those sprayed alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in Fv/Fm was observed in plants treated with a combination of GA 3 , glucose, and 3‐ab, compared to those sprayed alone.”
t0“rice”
The same questions in other papers
3-aminobenzamide · tolerance: abiotic · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Gibberellic acid · physiology: photosynthesis · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Gibberellic acid · tolerance: abiotic · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.