Abstract
Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) is a globally important leafy vegetable. Understanding the genetic factors underlying its growth and regeneration is critical for advancing agricultural productivity and biotechnological applications. To address this, the study aimed to comprehensively identify and characterize the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) gene family in lettuce and investigate their potential roles in plant development and regeneration. As a result, 22 SPL genes were identified within the lettuce genome. Fourteen of these genes contain recognition sites for microRNA156, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. Each LsSPL protein has the highly conserved SBP domain and is predicted to localize in the nucleus. Analysis of public RNA-seq datasets revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of the 22 LsSPL genes, with five highly expressed in leaves, four in roots, and three in stems, indicating their distinct roles in plant development. Overexpression of lettuce miRNA156c (miR156-OX) led to reduced leaf size and delayed flowering time, whereas suppression of miR156 (miR156-STTM) resulted in increased leaf size. Surprisingly, cotyledon explants from miR156-OX lettuce lines exhibited a 1.9-fold increase in shoot regeneration compared to wild-type, whereas miR156-STTM lines exhibited a 54.3% decrease. This enhanced in vitro shoot regeneration was also observed in ectopic miR156-overexpression tomato lines, suggesting a conserved mechanism. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed the downregulation of LsSPL13A.1 , LsSPL13A.2 , and LsSPL12.2 in miR156-OX lines and their upregulation in miR156-STTM lines after 5 days of callus induction, implicating their specific roles in in vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the SPL gene family and the miR156-SPLs regulatory network, specifically highlighting its role in regeneration. These findings hold the potential for improving plant growth, development, and biotechnological applications.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-two SPL genes were identified in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Gene
- SPLe0
- Outcome
- SPL genes were identifiede0
- Value
- 22e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“22 SPL genes were identified within the lettuce genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen lettuce SPL genes contain microRNA156 recognition sites.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Gene
- microRNA156e0
- Outcome
- recognition sites for microRNA156e0
- Value
- Fourteene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fourteen of these genes contain recognition sites for microRNA156”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
Each LsSPL protein has a conserved SBP domain.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Gene
- LsSPL proteine0
- Outcome
- highly conserved SBP domaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each LsSPL protein has the highly conserved SBP domain”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
Each LsSPL protein was predicted to localize in the nucleus.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Gene
- LsSPL proteine0
- Outcome
- predicted to localize in the nucleuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each LsSPL protein has the highly conserved SBP domain and is predicted to localize in the nucleus”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
Five LsSPL genes were highly expressed in leaves.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Gene
- LsSPLe1
- Outcome
- highly expressed in leavese0
- Value
- fivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with five highly expressed in leaves, four in roots, and three in stems”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
e1“Analysis of public RNA-seq datasets revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of the 22 LsSPL genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Four LsSPL genes were highly expressed in roots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with five highly expressed in leaves, four in roots, and three in stems”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
e1“Analysis of public RNA-seq datasets revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of the 22 LsSPL genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Three LsSPL genes were highly expressed in stems.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with five highly expressed in leaves, four in roots, and three in stems”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
e1“Analysis of public RNA-seq datasets revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of the 22 LsSPL genes”
Claim · model-written summary
miRNA156c overexpression reduced lettuce leaf size.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of lettuce miRNA156c (miR156-OX)e0
- Gene
- miRNA156ce0
- Outcome
- leaf sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of lettuce miRNA156c (miR156-OX) led to reduced leaf size and delayed flowering time”
Claim · model-written summary
miRNA156c overexpression delayed lettuce flowering.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of lettuce miRNA156c (miR156-OX)e0
- Gene
- miRNA156ce0
- Outcome
- flowering timee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of lettuce miRNA156c (miR156-OX) led to reduced leaf size and delayed flowering time”
Claim · model-written summary
miR156 suppression increased lettuce leaf size.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- suppression of miR156 (miR156-STTM)e0
- Gene
- miR156e0
- Outcome
- leaf sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suppression of miR156 (miR156-STTM) resulted in increased leaf size”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
miR156-OX lettuce cotyledons had 1.9-fold greater shoot regeneration than wild type.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Organ / stage
- cotyledon explantse0
- Treatment
- miR156-OX lettuce linese0
- Outcome
- shoot regeneratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 1.9-folde0
- Comparator
- wild-typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotyledon explants from miR156-OX lettuce lines exhibited a 1.9-fold increase in shoot regeneration compared to wild-type”
Claim · model-written summary
miR156-STTM lettuce lines had 54.3% less shoot regeneration.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- miR156-STTM linese0
- Outcome
- shoot regeneratione1
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 54.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“miR156-STTM lines exhibited a 54.3% decrease”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
e1“cotyledon explants from miR156-OX lettuce lines exhibited a 1.9-fold increase in shoot regeneration compared to wild-type”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic miR156 overexpression also enhanced in vitro shoot regeneration in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- ectopic miR156-overexpressione0
- Gene
- miR156e0
- Outcome
- in vitro shoot regeneratione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced in vitro shoot regeneration was also observed in ectopic miR156-overexpression tomato lines”
Claim · model-written summary
LsSPL13A.1 was downregulated in miR156-OX lines and upregulated in miR156-STTM lines after five days of callus induction.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Gene
- LsSPL13A.1e0
- Outcome
- downregulation of LsSPL13A.1e0
- Qualifier
- upregulation in miR156-STTM lines after 5 days of callus inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of LsSPL13A.1 , LsSPL13A.2 , and LsSPL12.2 in miR156-OX lines and their upregulation in miR156-STTM lines after 5 days of callus induction”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
LsSPL13A.2 was downregulated in miR156-OX lines and upregulated in miR156-STTM lines.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Gene
- LsSPL13A.2e0
- Outcome
- downregulatione0
- Qualifier
- upregulation in miR156-STTM lines after 5 days of callus inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of LsSPL13A.1 , LsSPL13A.2 , and LsSPL12.2 in miR156-OX lines and their upregulation in miR156-STTM lines after 5 days of callus induction”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
LsSPL12.2 was downregulated in miR156-OX lines and upregulated in miR156-STTM lines.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Gene
- LsSPL12.2e0
- Outcome
- downregulatione0
- Qualifier
- upregulation in miR156-STTM lines after 5 days of callus inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of LsSPL13A.1 , LsSPL13A.2 , and LsSPL12.2 in miR156-OX lines and their upregulation in miR156-STTM lines after 5 days of callus induction”
t0“Genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family in lettuce and its role in miR156/SPL module-mediated plant development and regeneration”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.