Abstract
The conversion of aquatic biomass into biochar offers a sustainable strategy for improving soil fertility and mitigating ecological imbalances caused by its rapid proliferation. In this study, Typha angustifolia, a widely distributed aquatic weed, was utilized for biochar production. Three biochar types (TABC400, TABC500, and TABC600) were synthesized through pyrolysis at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C temperature. It was hypothesized that Typha angustifolia biochar would positively influence the growth and development of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). The results demonstrate that biochar yield subsequently decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature, with the highest yield at 400 °C temperature (49.03%), followed by 500 °C (38.02%) and 600 °C temperature (32.01%). However, carbon content 67.01 to 83.12%, higher heating value (17.31 to 27.42 MJ/kg), and mineral contents (K, Mg, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) increase significantly with higher pyrolysis temperature. However, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, bulk density, moisture contents, and volatile context exhibited an inverse relationship with pyrolysis temperature, highlighting biochar stability and its potential for soil amendment. Among the three synthesized biochar, the 4%TABC600 (600 °C) revealed the most substantial improvement in plant height (110.11 ± 4.12 cm), plant dry biomass (6.12 ± 0.41 gm), and chlorophyll contact (39.34 ± 3.33 SPAD values), whereas the 2% and 6% TABC600 demonstrated significant influence on fruit yield (9.11 ± 2.11 gm) and fruit weight (750.44 ± 7.83 g), and chlorophyll contact (32–38 SPAD values). Based on our results, we can conclude that Typha angustifolia biochar prepared at 600 °C (TABC600) has great potential as a biofertilizer, promoting soil fertility and growth and development of crops, particularly for vegetable cultivation such as okra.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar yield decreased as pyrolysis temperature increased, with 49.03% at 400 °C.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Outcome
- biochar yielde0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 49.03%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“biochar yield subsequently decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature, with the highest yield at 400 °C temperature (49.03%)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar yield was 38.02% at 500 °C.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- biochar yielde0
- Value
- 38.02%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar yield subsequently decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature, with the highest yield at 400 °C temperature (49.03%), followed by 500 °C (38.02%) and 600 °C temperature (32.01%)”
t0“Biochar on Soil Fertility and Okra Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar yield was 32.01% at 600 °C.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- biochar yielde0
- Value
- 32.01%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar yield subsequently decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature, with the highest yield at 400 °C temperature (49.03%), followed by 500 °C (38.02%) and 600 °C temperature (32.01%)”
t0“Biochar on Soil Fertility and Okra Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon content increased with pyrolysis temperature.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- carbon contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 67.01 to 83.12%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbon content 67.01 to 83.12%, higher heating value (17.31 to 27.42 MJ/kg), and mineral contents (K, Mg, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) increase significantly with higher pyrolysis temperature”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher heating value increased with pyrolysis temperature.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- higher heating valuee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 17.31 to 27.42 MJ/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher heating value (17.31 to 27.42 MJ/kg), and mineral contents (K, Mg, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) increase significantly with higher pyrolysis temperature”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral contents increased with pyrolysis temperature.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- mineral contentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mineral contents (K, Mg, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) increase significantly with higher pyrolysis temperature”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen decreased with pyrolysis temperature.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogene0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, bulk density, moisture contents, and volatile context exhibited an inverse relationship with pyrolysis temperature”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density, moisture and volatile content decreased with pyrolysis temperature.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- bulk density, moisture contents, and volatile contexte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bulk density, moisture contents, and volatile context exhibited an inverse relationship with pyrolysis temperature”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
4% TABC600 gave the greatest plant height, 110.11 ± 4.12 cm.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 4%TABC600e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 110.11 ± 4.12 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 4%TABC600 (600 °C) revealed the most substantial improvement in plant height (110.11 ± 4.12 cm)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
4% TABC600 gave plant dry biomass of 6.12 ± 0.41 gm.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 4%TABC600e0
- Outcome
- plant dry biomasse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 6.12 ± 0.41 gme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 4%TABC600 (600 °C) revealed the most substantial improvement in plant height (110.11 ± 4.12 cm), plant dry biomass (6.12 ± 0.41 gm)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
4% TABC600 gave chlorophyll of 39.34 ± 3.33 SPAD.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 4%TABC600e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contacte0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 39.34 ± 3.33 SPAD valuese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 4%TABC600 (600 °C) revealed the most substantial improvement in plant height (110.11 ± 4.12 cm), plant dry biomass (6.12 ± 0.41 gm), and chlorophyll contact (39.34 ± 3.33 SPAD values)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
2% and 6% TABC600 significantly affected fruit yield.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 2% and 6% TABC600e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Value
- 9.11 ± 2.11 gme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2% and 6% TABC600 demonstrated significant influence on fruit yield (9.11 ± 2.11 gm)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
2% and 6% TABC600 significantly affected fruit weight.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 2% and 6% TABC600e0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Value
- 750.44 ± 7.83 ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2% and 6% TABC600 demonstrated significant influence on fruit yield (9.11 ± 2.11 gm) and fruit weight (750.44 ± 7.83 g)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
2% and 6% TABC600 significantly affected chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 2% and 6% TABC600e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contacte0
- Value
- 32–38 SPAD valuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2% and 6% TABC600 demonstrated significant influence on fruit yield (9.11 ± 2.11 gm) and fruit weight (750.44 ± 7.83 g), and chlorophyll contact (32–38 SPAD values)”
t0“Okra”
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