Abstract
Deficit irrigations, combined with biochar, could be an effective solution to aleviate drought stress in wheat; thereby enhancing its productivity in arid soils. To test this hypothesis, a greenhouse experiment of a randomized complete block design was conducted, comprising two factors: (1) two levels of deficit irrigations at 60 and 80% of soil field capacity (designated as FC60 and FC80, respectively) and (2) three biochar doses, i.e. 0, 5 and 10 g kg-1 (refered to as B0, B5 and B10, respectively). Plants grown on a soil irrigated at 100% of the field capacity without biochar application served as a reference control treatment. This brought the total number of treatments to seven. Results obtained in this study revealed that root biomass increased significantly with deficit irrigation; yet wheat shoots and grains decreased considerably. On the other hand, the application of biochar, generally enhanced shoot and grain yields while decreasing root growth. This in turn augmented both shoo-to-root and grain-to-shoot ratios. In this regard, the highest increase in grain yield was observed for B5+FC100, while the highest increase in shoot –to-root ratio was recorded for the B10+FC100 treatment. Biochar upgraded the coping strategies of wheat plants under drought stress by increasing the osmoregulator proline in shoots, Mn content in roots and Cu concentrations in different plant parts, especially at the highest application rate (B10). These two nutrients (Mn and Cu) are incorporated into detoxifying enzymes that neutralize superoxide radicals which accumulate under abiotic stress. Nevertheless, the high dose of biochar likely immobilized soil nutrients and reduced their concentrations in different plant parts. Overall, residual organic matter increased in biochar-amended soil, and its consequences on soil pH were not significant. This could guarantee sustainable crop production in such soils. In conclusion, the combination of deficit irrigation and biochar application can be used successfully to increase wheat production in arid soils, while optimizing irrigation water use and sustaining soil productivity.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation significantly increased root biomass of wheat in a greenhouse experiment.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- deficit irrigatione3
- Outcome
- root biomasse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- soil irrigated at 100% of the field capacity without biochar applicatione2
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e1“To test this hypothesis, a greenhouse experiment of a randomized complete block design was conducted”
e2“Plants grown on a soil irrigated at 100% of the field capacity without biochar application served as a reference control treatment”
e3“root biomass increased significantly with deficit irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased shoot and grain yields of wheat considerably.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione3
- Outcome
- shoots and grainse4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Comparator
- soil irrigated at 100% of the field capacity without biochar applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e2“Plants grown on a soil irrigated at 100% of the field capacity without biochar application served as a reference control treatment”
e3“root biomass increased significantly with deficit irrigation”
e4“wheat shoots and grains decreased considerably”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application generally increased shoot and grain yields of wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the application of biochare5
- Outcome
- shoot and grain yieldse5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Qualifier
- generallye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e5“the application of biochar, generally enhanced shoot and grain yields while decreasing root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application decreased root growth of wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the application of biochare5
- Outcome
- root growthe5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e5“the application of biochar, generally enhanced shoot and grain yields while decreasing root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar augmented the shoot-to-root and grain-to-shoot ratios of wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the application of biochare5
- Outcome
- shoo-to-root and grain-to-shoot ratiose6
- Direction
- augmentede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e5“the application of biochar, generally enhanced shoot and grain yields while decreasing root growth”
e6“This in turn augmented both shoo-to-root and grain-to-shoot ratios”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest grain yield increase in wheat was observed for B5+FC100.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B5+FC100e7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- highest increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e7“the highest increase in grain yield was observed for B5+FC100”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shoot-to-root ratio increase in wheat was recorded for B10+FC100.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B10+FC100 treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoot –to-root ratioe0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e0“the highest increase in shoot –to-root ratio was recorded for the B10+FC100 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased osmoregulator proline in shoots of wheat under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- Biochare1
- Outcome
- osmoregulator proline in shootse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e1“Biochar upgraded the coping strategies of wheat plants under drought stress by increasing the osmoregulator proline in shoots, Mn content in roots and Cu concentrations in different plant parts, especially at the highest application rate (B10)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased Mn content in roots and Cu concentrations in different plant parts of wheat, especially at the highest rate.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- Biochare1
- Outcome
- Mn content in roots and Cu concentrations in different plant partse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Qualifier
- especially at the highest application rate (B10)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e1“Biochar upgraded the coping strategies of wheat plants under drought stress by increasing the osmoregulator proline in shoots, Mn content in roots and Cu concentrations in different plant parts, especially at the highest application rate (B10)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn and Cu are incorporated into detoxifying enzymes that neutralize superoxide radicals accumulating under abiotic stress in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Mn and Cue2
- Outcome
- neutralize superoxide radicalse2
- Qualifier
- incorporated into detoxifying enzymese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e2“These two nutrients (Mn and Cu) are incorporated into detoxifying enzymes that neutralize superoxide radicals which accumulate under abiotic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
A high dose of biochar reduced nutrient concentrations in different plant parts of wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high dose of biochare3
- Outcome
- concentrations in different plant partse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Qualifier
- likely immobilized soil nutrientse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e3“the high dose of biochar likely immobilized soil nutrients and reduced their concentrations in different plant parts”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment increased residual organic matter in soil.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biochar-amended soile4
- Outcome
- residual organic mattere4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e4“Overall, residual organic matter increased in biochar-amended soil, and its consequences on soil pH were not significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment had no significant effect on soil pH.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biochar-amended soile4
- Outcome
- soil pHe4
- Direction
- not significante4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e4“Overall, residual organic matter increased in biochar-amended soil, and its consequences on soil pH were not significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining deficit irrigation with biochar application can be used to increase wheat production in arid soils while optimizing irrigation water use.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- the combination of deficit irrigation and biochar applicatione5
- Outcome
- wheat productione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing Wheat Production”
e5“In conclusion, the combination of deficit irrigation and biochar application can be used successfully to increase wheat production in arid soils”
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