Abstract
Controlled-release blended fertilizer (CRBF) and densification can increase rice yield and nitrogen (N) efficiency. However, the effects of CRBF combined with densification on rice yield, N absorption, economic benefits of fertilization, and ammonia volatilization loss remain unclear. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using five treatments: no N (control, CK), conventional N application (farmer's fertilization practice, FFP), optimal N application (OPT), single basal application of CRBF (CRBF), and CRBF combined with densification (CRFDP). Moreover, rice yield, N absorption and use efficiency, economic benefit, and ammonia volatilization loss were evaluated. CRBF and CRFDP significantly increased rice dry matter, N use efficiency by 11.6%-30.5% and 90.2%-160.0%, finally increased the yield by 33.3% and 26.1% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Compared with FFP, CRFDP with 16.7% reduction of N input significantly increased yield by 33.3% and 26.1% and economic benefit by 46.9% and 38.3% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Compared with CRBF, CRFDP increased the total yield by 2.7% and 15.2%, economic benefit by 3.5% and 7.6%, and N absorption efficiency by 10% and 8.3% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Compared with FFP, CRFDP reduced ammonia volatilization intensity by 62.5% and 60.8%, cumulative ammonia volatilization loss by 46.3% and 50.3% and also lowered NH4+-N of surface water by 69.0%-93.8% and 57.8%-89.7% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The combination of CRBF and densification could improve the rice yield, economic benefit, and N use efficiency and reduce ammonia volatilization. These results might provide data and theoretical support for the high yield of rice and a new environmentally friendly and resource-efficient model of rice cultivation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF and CRFDP significantly increased rice dry matter.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- CRBF and CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- rice dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF and CRFDP significantly increased rice dry matter, N use efficiency by 11.6%-30.5% and 90.2%-160.0%, finally increased the yield by 33.3% and 26.1% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF and CRFDP significantly increased rice N use efficiency by 11.6%-30.5% and 90.2%-160.0%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF and CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.6%-30.5% and 90.2%-160.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF and CRFDP significantly increased rice dry matter, N use efficiency by 11.6%-30.5% and 90.2%-160.0%, finally increased the yield by 33.3% and 26.1% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF and CRFDP increased rice yield by 33.3% and 26.1% in 2021 and 2022, respectively.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF and CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.3% and 26.1%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF and CRFDP significantly increased rice dry matter, N use efficiency by 11.6%-30.5% and 90.2%-160.0%, finally increased the yield by 33.3% and 26.1% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with FFP, CRFDP with 16.7% reduction of N input significantly increased rice yield by 33.3% and 26.1% in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRFDP with 16.7% reduction of N inpute0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.3% and 26.1%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
- Comparator
- FFPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FFP, CRFDP with 16.7% reduction of N input significantly increased yield by 33.3% and 26.1% and economic benefit by 46.9% and 38.3% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with FFP, CRFDP with 16.7% reduction of N input significantly increased economic benefit by 46.9% and 38.3% in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRFDP with 16.7% reduction of N inpute0
- Outcome
- economic benefite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46.9% and 38.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
- Comparator
- FFPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FFP, CRFDP with 16.7% reduction of N input significantly increased yield by 33.3% and 26.1% and economic benefit by 46.9% and 38.3% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CRBF, CRFDP increased total rice yield by 2.7% and 15.2% in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.7% and 15.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
- Comparator
- CRBFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CRBF, CRFDP increased the total yield by 2.7% and 15.2%, economic benefit by 3.5% and 7.6%, and N absorption efficiency by 10% and 8.3% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CRBF, CRFDP increased economic benefit by 3.5% and 7.6% in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- economic benefite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.5% and 7.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
- Comparator
- CRBFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CRBF, CRFDP increased the total yield by 2.7% and 15.2%, economic benefit by 3.5% and 7.6%, and N absorption efficiency by 10% and 8.3% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CRBF, CRFDP increased N absorption efficiency by 10% and 8.3% in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- N absorption efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10% and 8.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
- Comparator
- CRBFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CRBF, CRFDP increased the total yield by 2.7% and 15.2%, economic benefit by 3.5% and 7.6%, and N absorption efficiency by 10% and 8.3% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with FFP, CRFDP reduced ammonia volatilization intensity by 62.5% and 60.8% in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilization intensitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 62.5% and 60.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
- Comparator
- FFPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FFP, CRFDP reduced ammonia volatilization intensity by 62.5% and 60.8%, cumulative ammonia volatilization loss by 46.3% and 50.3% and also lowered NH4+-N of surface water by 69.0%-93.8% and 57.8%-89.7% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with FFP, CRFDP reduced cumulative ammonia volatilization loss by 46.3% and 50.3% in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- cumulative ammonia volatilization losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46.3% and 50.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
- Comparator
- FFPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FFP, CRFDP reduced ammonia volatilization intensity by 62.5% and 60.8%, cumulative ammonia volatilization loss by 46.3% and 50.3% and also lowered NH4+-N of surface water by 69.0%-93.8% and 57.8%-89.7% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with FFP, CRFDP lowered NH4+-N of surface water by 69.0%-93.8% and 57.8%-89.7% in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRFDPe0
- Outcome
- NH4+-N of surface watere0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 69.0%-93.8% and 57.8%-89.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
- Comparator
- FFPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FFP, CRFDP reduced ammonia volatilization intensity by 62.5% and 60.8%, cumulative ammonia volatilization loss by 46.3% and 50.3% and also lowered NH4+-N of surface water by 69.0%-93.8% and 57.8%-89.7% in 2021 and 2022, respectively”
t0“rice”
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