Abstract
Chilling stress restricts the geographical distribution of rice and severely affects its growth and development, ultimately reducing both yield and quality. The plant hormone ethylene is involved in stress responses; however, its role in rice chilling tolerance has not been thoroughly explored. This study reveals that ethylene negatively regulates chilling tolerance in rice by antagonizing the tolerance-promoting effects of abscisic acid (ABA). Treatment with ethylene or its biosynthetic precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), resulted in a reduced survival rate after chilling and delayed stomatal closure in response to chilling. There are two Raf-like protein kinases related ethylene signalling, CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) and CTR2, that have overlapping functions in ethylene signalling, and their loss-of-function mutants exhibit constitutive ethylene responses. The ctr1 ctr2 double-mutant displayed lower survival rates and slower stomatal closure under chilling stress compared with the wild type. In contrast, ABA treatment significantly enhanced the survival rate of the wild type under chilling stress and promoted stomatal closure in response to chilling. Furthermore, ethylene inhibited the effects of ABA on chilling tolerance and stomatal closure. The ctr1 ctr2 double-mutant failed to respond to external ABA treatment in terms of stomatal closure and increased survival rate under chilling stress. Overall, our findings suggest that ethylene negatively regulates chilling tolerance in rice by inhibiting ABA-induced stomatal closure through the action of CTR1 and CTR2.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene negatively regulates rice chilling tolerance by antagonizing ABA.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Compound
- abscisic acide0
- Outcome
- chilling tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- antagonizing the tolerance-promoting effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study reveals that ethylene negatively regulates chilling tolerance in rice by antagonizing the tolerance-promoting effects of abscisic acid (ABA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene treatment reduced survival after chilling and delayed stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- survival ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- after chillinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with ethylene or its biosynthetic precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), resulted in a reduced survival rate after chilling and delayed stomatal closure in response to chilling.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene delayed stomatal closure in response to chilling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with ethylene or its biosynthetic precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), resulted in a reduced survival rate after chilling and delayed stomatal closure in response to chilling.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC reduced survival after chilling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- survival ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- after chillinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with ethylene or its biosynthetic precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), resulted in a reduced survival rate after chilling and delayed stomatal closure in response to chilling.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC delayed chilling-induced stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with ethylene or its biosynthetic precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), resulted in a reduced survival rate after chilling and delayed stomatal closure in response to chilling.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CTR1 and CTR2 overlap in ethylene signalling and their loss-of-function mutants show constitutive ethylene responses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) and CTR2e0
- Outcome
- overlapping functions in ethylene signallinge0
- Qualifier
- their loss-of-function mutants exhibit constitutive ethylene responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There are two Raf-like protein kinases related ethylene signalling, CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) and CTR2, that have overlapping functions in ethylene signalling, and their loss-of-function mutants exhibit constitutive ethylene responses.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The ctr1 ctr2 mutant had lower chilling survival than wild type.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- ctr1 ctr2 double-mutante0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse0
- Outcome
- survival ratese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ctr1 ctr2 double-mutant displayed lower survival rates and slower stomatal closure under chilling stress compared with the wild type.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The ctr1 ctr2 mutant closed stomata more slowly under chilling than wild type.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- ctr1 ctr2 double-mutante0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse0
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ctr1 ctr2 double-mutant displayed lower survival rates and slower stomatal closure under chilling stress compared with the wild type.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA significantly enhanced wild-type survival under chilling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- wild typee0
- Treatment
- ABA treatmente0
- Outcome
- survival ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, ABA treatment significantly enhanced the survival rate of the wild type under chilling stress and promoted stomatal closure in response to chilling.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA promoted chilling-induced stomatal closure in wild type.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- wild typee0
- Treatment
- ABA treatmente0
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, ABA treatment significantly enhanced the survival rate of the wild type under chilling stress and promoted stomatal closure in response to chilling.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene inhibited ABA effects on chilling tolerance and stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Compound
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- chilling tolerance and stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, ethylene inhibited the effects of ABA on chilling tolerance and stomatal closure.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The ctr1 ctr2 mutant failed to respond to ABA in stomatal closure or chilling survival.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- ctr1 ctr2 double-mutante0
- Treatment
- external ABA treatmente0
- Outcome
- stomatal closure and increased survival ratee0
- Direction
- failed to responde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ctr1 ctr2 double-mutant failed to respond to external ABA treatment in terms of stomatal closure and increased survival rate under chilling stress.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene inhibition of ABA-induced closure through CTR1 and CTR2 is proposed to reduce chilling tolerance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- CTR1 and CTR2e0
- Outcome
- chilling tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- inhibiting ABA-induced stomatal closuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, our findings suggest that ethylene negatively regulates chilling tolerance in rice by inhibiting ABA-induced stomatal closure through the action of CTR1 and CTR2.”
The same questions in other papers
ethene · survival · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid · survival · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
ethene · physiology: gas exchange · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.