Abstract
The tillage method and straw returning are the two most important agronomic measures for crop production, but their combined effects on nutrient accumulation and utilization and grain yield in dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., namely wheat)–summer maize (Zea mays L., namely maize) double-cropping system are still poorly understood. The present study delves into the impact of the tillage method and straw returning on yield and nutrient accumulation and utilization in wheat–maize double-cropping system based on a field split-plot positioning experiment (started in October 2009). Three tillage methods—plowing (PT, 30–35 cm in depth), rotary tillage (RT, 12–15 cm in depth), no-tillage (NT)—and two straw management—zero straw returning (S0) and straw returning (SR)—were assigned to the main plots and subplots, respectively, thus encompassing six distinct treatments of PTS0, PTSR, RTS0, RTSR, NTS0, and NTSR. The grain yield and its components; the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) accumulation at maturity; and the internal efficiency of N, P, and K in wheat and maize from 2018 to 2022 were investigated. The results indicated that in the experimental years, tillage methods and straw management significantly affected wheat, maize, and annual yield. Compared with NT, RT significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% and maize K accumulation by 5.8%, and PT significantly increased wheat K accumulation by 11.1% and the yield and N, P, and K accumulation of maize by 6.3%, 7.8%, 8.9%, and 5.3%. Compared with RT, PT significantly increased yield and K accumulation in wheat and yield and N and P accumulation in maize. Compared with NTSR, PTSR significantly increased the yield and N, P, and K accumulation in wheat, but it did not affect yield and nutrient accumulation in maize; RTSR significantly increased wheat yield while it significantly decreased yield and N, P, and K accumulation in maize. Compared with RTSR, PTSR significantly increased the yield and N, P, and K accumulation by 4.0%, 19.5%, 19.6%, and 7.0% in wheat, respectively, and 7.5%, 6.1%, 13.3% and 13.6% in maize. Under the same tillage method, compared with S0, SR significantly increased crop yield and N, P, and K accumulation by 2.4–25.4%, 8.5–43.3%, 12.9–37.8%, and 11.0–51.0%, but it significantly reduced wheat K internal efficiency and maize N, P, K internal efficiency. The effectiveness of straw management on crop yield and N, P, and K accumulation was greater than that of tillage methods. Therefore, the combination of plowing tillage with straw returning (PTSR) is an effective tactic to promote crop yield in dryland wheat–maize double-cropping system. This study offered insights for achieving high yield by regulating the accumulation and internal efficiency of plant N, P, and K nutrients in wheat–maize double-cropping system in drought-prone areas and environments similar to the study areas.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage methods and straw management significantly affected wheat, maize and annual yield during the experimental years.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- tillage methods and straw managemente1
- Outcome
- yielde1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tillage methods and straw management significantly affected wheat, maize, and annual yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary tillage significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% compared with no-tillage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- RTe1
- Outcome
- wheat yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 9.5%e1
- Comparator
- NTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NT, RT significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% and maize K accumulation by 5.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary tillage significantly increased maize K accumulation by 5.8% compared with no-tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NT, RT significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% and maize K accumulation by 5.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage significantly increased wheat K accumulation by 11.1% compared with no-tillage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- PTe1
- Outcome
- K accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 11.1%e1
- Comparator
- NTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NT, RT significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% and maize K accumulation by 5.8%, and PT significantly increased wheat K accumulation by 11.1% and the yield and N, P, and K accumulation of maize by 6.3%, 7.8%, 8.9%, and 5.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage significantly increased maize yield by 6.3% compared with no-tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NT, RT significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% and maize K accumulation by 5.8%, and PT significantly increased wheat K accumulation by 11.1% and the yield and N, P, and K accumulation of maize by 6.3%, 7.8%, 8.9%, and 5.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage significantly increased maize N accumulation by 7.8% compared with no-tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NT, RT significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% and maize K accumulation by 5.8%, and PT significantly increased wheat K accumulation by 11.1% and the yield and N, P, and K accumulation of maize by 6.3%, 7.8%, 8.9%, and 5.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage significantly increased maize P accumulation by 8.9% compared with no-tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NT, RT significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% and maize K accumulation by 5.8%, and PT significantly increased wheat K accumulation by 11.1% and the yield and N, P, and K accumulation of maize by 6.3%, 7.8%, 8.9%, and 5.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage significantly increased maize K accumulation by 5.3% compared with no-tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NT, RT significantly increased wheat yield by 9.5% and maize K accumulation by 5.8%, and PT significantly increased wheat K accumulation by 11.1% and the yield and N, P, and K accumulation of maize by 6.3%, 7.8%, 8.9%, and 5.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage with straw returning significantly increased wheat yield and N, P and K accumulation by 4.0%, 19.5%, 19.6% and 7.0% respectively compared with rotary tillage with straw returning.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- PTSRe1
- Outcome
- yield and N, P, and K accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 4.0%, 19.5%, 19.6%, and 7.0%e1
- Comparator
- RTSRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with RTSR, PTSR significantly increased the yield and N, P, and K accumulation by 4.0%, 19.5%, 19.6%, and 7.0% in wheat, respectively, and 7.5%, 6.1%, 13.3% and 13.6% in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage with straw returning significantly increased maize yield and N, P and K accumulation by 7.5%, 6.1%, 13.3% and 13.6% respectively compared with rotary tillage with straw returning.
- Treatment
- PTSRe1
- Outcome
- yield and N, P, and K accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 7.5%, 6.1%, 13.3% and 13.6%e1
- Comparator
- RTSRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with RTSR, PTSR significantly increased the yield and N, P, and K accumulation by 4.0%, 19.5%, 19.6%, and 7.0% in wheat, respectively, and 7.5%, 6.1%, 13.3% and 13.6% in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage significantly increased wheat yield and K accumulation compared with rotary tillage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- PTe1
- Outcome
- yield and K accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- RTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with RT, PT significantly increased yield and K accumulation in wheat and yield and N and P accumulation in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage significantly increased maize yield and N and P accumulation compared with rotary tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with RT, PT significantly increased yield and K accumulation in wheat and yield and N and P accumulation in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage with straw returning significantly increased wheat yield and N, P and K accumulation compared with no-tillage with straw returning.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- PTSRe1
- Outcome
- yield and N, P, and K accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- NTSRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NTSR, PTSR significantly increased the yield and N, P, and K accumulation in wheat, but it did not affect yield and nutrient accumulation in maize; RTSR significantly increased wheat yield while it significantly decreased yield and N, P, and K accumulation in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing tillage with straw returning did not affect maize yield and nutrient accumulation compared with no-tillage with straw returning.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NTSR, PTSR significantly increased the yield and N, P, and K accumulation in wheat, but it did not affect yield and nutrient accumulation in maize; RTSR significantly increased wheat yield while it significantly decreased yield and N, P, and K accumulation in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary tillage with straw returning significantly increased wheat yield compared with no-tillage with straw returning.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- RTSRe1
- Outcome
- wheat yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- NTSRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NTSR, PTSR significantly increased the yield and N, P, and K accumulation in wheat, but it did not affect yield and nutrient accumulation in maize; RTSR significantly increased wheat yield while it significantly decreased yield and N, P, and K accumulation in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary tillage with straw returning significantly decreased maize yield and N, P and K accumulation compared with no-tillage with straw returning.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NTSR, PTSR significantly increased the yield and N, P, and K accumulation in wheat, but it did not affect yield and nutrient accumulation in maize; RTSR significantly increased wheat yield while it significantly decreased yield and N, P, and K accumulation in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Under the same tillage method, straw returning significantly increased crop yield and N, P and K accumulation by 2.4-25.4%, 8.5-43.3%, 12.9-37.8% and 11.0-51.0% respectively compared with zero straw returning.
- Taxon
- Wheat–MaizeTriticum aestivum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- SRe1
- Outcome
- crop yield and N, P, and K accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.4–25.4%, 8.5–43.3%, 12.9–37.8%, and 11.0–51.0%e1
- Comparator
- S0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under the same tillage method, compared with S0, SR significantly increased crop yield and N, P, and K accumulation by 2.4–25.4%, 8.5–43.3%, 12.9–37.8%, and 11.0–51.0%, but it significantly reduced wheat K internal efficiency and maize N, P, K internal efficiency”
t0“Wheat–Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw returning significantly reduced wheat K internal efficiency and maize N, P and K internal efficiency compared with zero straw returning.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- SRe1
- Outcome
- wheat K internal efficiency and maize N, P, K internal efficiencye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- S0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under the same tillage method, compared with S0, SR significantly increased crop yield and N, P, and K accumulation by 2.4–25.4%, 8.5–43.3%, 12.9–37.8%, and 11.0–51.0%, but it significantly reduced wheat K internal efficiency and maize N, P, K internal efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
The effectiveness of straw management on crop yield and N, P and K accumulation was greater than that of tillage methods.
- Treatment
- straw managemente1
- Outcome
- crop yield and N, P, and K accumulatione1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- tillage methodse1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“The effectiveness of straw management on crop yield and N, P, and K accumulation was greater than that of tillage methods”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that plowing tillage combined with straw returning is an effective tactic to promote crop yield in the dryland wheat-maize double-cropping system.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Outcome
- crop yielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the combination of plowing tillage with straw returning (PTSR) is an effective tactic to promote crop yield in dryland wheat–maize double-cropping system”
The same questions in other papers
organic · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 79 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
85 papers more in this group
See all 89 papers →organic · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
280 papers in the same direction as this paper · 35 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
318 papers more in this group
See all 322 papers →organic · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
329 papers in the same direction as this paper · 32 in the opposite direction · 11 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
369 papers more in this group
See all 373 papers →tillage · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
811 papers in the same direction as this paper · 230 in the opposite direction · 57 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
1,095 papers more in this group
See all 1,099 papers →tillage · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1,115 papers in the same direction as this paper · 257 in the opposite direction · 41 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
1,410 papers more in this group
See all 1,414 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.