Abstract
Climate change significantly threatens crops, mainly through drought stress, affecting barley, which is essential for food and feed globally. Ten barley cultivars were evaluated under normal and drought stress conditions during the 2019/20 and 2020/21 seasons, focusing on traits such as days to heading and maturity, plant height, number of spikes m−2, spike length, 1000-kernel weight, and biological and grain yield. Drought stress significantly reduced most of these traits. The genotypes showed significant differences in their responses to irrigation treatments, with the interaction between seasons and cultivars also being significant for most traits. The grain yield and 1000-kernel weight were among the least affected traits under drought stress, respectively. Notably, Giza138 and Giza126 showed strong drought tolerance, suitable for drought-resilient breeding. In season one, Giza126, Giza134, and Giza138 yielded 13%, 9%, and 11%, respectively, while Giza135 and Giza129 showed higher reductions at 31% and 39%. In season two, Giza126, Giza134, and Giza138 had reductions of 14%, 10%, and 13%, respectively, while Giza135 and Giza129 again exhibited higher reductions at 31% and 38%. These cultivars also showed strong performance across various stress tolerance indices, including the MP, YSI, STI, GMP, and YI. Giza 134 demonstrated the lowest values for the SDI and TOL, indicating superior drought stress tolerance. On the other hand, Giza 129 and Giza 135 were the most sensitive to drought stress, experiencing significant reductions across critical traits, including 6.1% in days to heading, 18.37% in plant height, 28.21% in number of kernel spikes−1, 38.45% in grain yield, and 34.91% in biological yield. In contrast, Giza 138 and Giza 2000 showed better resilience, with lower reductions in the 1000-kernel weight (6.41%) and grain yield (10.61%), making them more suitable for drought-prone conditions. Giza 126 and Giza 132 also exhibited lower sensitivity, with minimal reductions in days to heading (2%) and maturity (2.4%), suggesting potential adaptability to water-limited environments. Giza 126 maintained the highest root lengths and had the highest stomatal conductance. Giza 138 consistently had the highest chlorophyll content, with SPAD values decreasing to 79% under drought. Despite leading in shoot length, Giza 135 decreased to 42.59% under drought stress. In conclusion, Giza 126 and Giza 138 showed adaptability to water-limited conditions with minimal impact on phenological traits. Giza 126 had the longest roots and highest stomatal conductance, while Giza 138 consistently maintained a high chlorophyll content. Together, they and Giza 134 are valuable for breeding programs to improve barley drought tolerance.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced most measured barley traits.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- these traitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress significantly reduced most of these traits”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivars differed significantly in irrigation response.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- genotypese0
- Outcome
- responses to irrigation treatmentse0
- Direction
- differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genotypes showed significant differences in their responses to irrigation treatments”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Season by cultivar interactions were significant for most traits.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- most traitse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction between seasons and cultivars also being significant for most traits”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and 1000-kernel weight were among the least drought affected traits.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- grain yield and 1000-kernel weighte0
- Direction
- least affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield and 1000-kernel weight were among the least affected traits under drought stress”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza138 and Giza126 showed strong drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza138 and Giza126e0
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza138 and Giza126 showed strong drought tolerance”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza126 had a 13% yield reduction in season one.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza126e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- yieldede0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In season one, Giza126, Giza134, and Giza138 yielded 13%, 9%, and 11%, respectively”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza134 had a 9% yield reduction in season one.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza134e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- yieldede0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In season one, Giza126, Giza134, and Giza138 yielded 13%, 9%, and 11%, respectively”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza138 had an 11% yield reduction in season one.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza138e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- yieldede0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In season one, Giza126, Giza134, and Giza138 yielded 13%, 9%, and 11%, respectively”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza135 yield declined 31% in season one.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza135e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- higher reductionse0
- Value
- 31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza135 and Giza129 showed higher reductions at 31% and 39%”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza129 yield declined 39% in season one.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza129e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- higher reductionse0
- Value
- 39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza135 and Giza129 showed higher reductions at 31% and 39%”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza126 yield fell 14% in season two.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza126e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In season two, Giza126, Giza134, and Giza138 had reductions of 14%, 10%, and 13%, respectively”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza134 yield fell 10% in season two.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza134e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In season two, Giza126, Giza134, and Giza138 had reductions of 14%, 10%, and 13%, respectively”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza138 yield fell 13% in season two.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza138e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In season two, Giza126, Giza134, and Giza138 had reductions of 14%, 10%, and 13%, respectively”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza135 yield fell 31% in season two.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza135e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- higher reductionse0
- Value
- 31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza135 and Giza129 again exhibited higher reductions at 31% and 38%”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza129 yield fell 38% in season two.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza129e0
- Treatment
- Drought Stresst0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- higher reductionse0
- Value
- 38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza135 and Giza129 again exhibited higher reductions at 31% and 38%”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza134 had the lowest SDI and TOL values.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza 134e0
- Outcome
- SDI and TOLe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza 134 demonstrated the lowest values for the SDI and TOL”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza126 had the highest root lengths and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza 126e0
- Outcome
- root lengths and had the highest stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza 126 maintained the highest root lengths and had the highest stomatal conductance”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza138 had the highest chlorophyll content, with SPAD decreasing to 79% under drought.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza 138e0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza 138 consistently had the highest chlorophyll content, with SPAD values decreasing to 79% under drought”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza135 shoot length decreased to 42.59% under drought.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Giza 135e0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 42.59%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite leading in shoot length, Giza 135 decreased to 42.59% under drought stress”
t0“Evaluating Physiological and Yield Indices of Egyptian Barley Cultivars Under Drought Stress Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza126, Giza138, and Giza134 were recommended for drought tolerance breeding.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- breeding programs to improve barley drought tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Together, they and Giza 134 are valuable for breeding programs to improve barley drought tolerance”
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