Abstract
ABSTRACT The increasing concentrations of ground‐level ozone (O 3 ) resulting from industrialisation and anthropogenic activities present a substantial environmental threat to agricultural productivity, particularly affecting O 3 ‐sensitive crops such as soybeans. The effects of acute O 3 exposure on soybean yield attributes and seed quality and whether soybean showed different detoxification mechanisms in response to moderate and severe O 3 stress are not extensively explored. In this study, soybean seedlings were exposed to moderate (80 nmol mol −1 ) and acute severe (200 nmol mol −1 ) O 3 stress, and then growth parameters, yield attributes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidant properties and associated gene expression in the leaves were assessed. The results revealed that moderate O 3 exposure enhanced growth parameters but reduced the 100‐grain weight, while acute severe exposure sharply depressed growth parameters, yield attributes and the 100‐grain weight. Moderate O 3 fumigation significantly increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels and catalase (CAT) activity from 4 to 32 h. Acute severe O 3 stress induced the overproduction of superoxide anions (O 2 .− ) and H 2 O 2 during nearly the whole experiment period, but only enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at 32 h, and showed no stimulatory effects on CAT activity. Additionally, the relative expression levels of the SOD and CAT gene family in soybean leaves exposed to elevated O 3 were upregulated, peaking at 8 h. Moderate O 3 treatment enhanced reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AsA) levels and increased the activities of AsA–GSH cycle‐related enzymes. In contrast, acute severe O 3 exposure inhibited GSH and AsA contents and markedly suppressed AsA–GSH cycle‐related enzymes, particularly from 8 to 32 h. Redundancy analysis indicated that CAT and AsA play crucial roles in scavenging O 3 ‐induced ROS under moderate stress, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and GSH were more effective under acute severe stress conditions. These findings provide insights into the differential impacts of acute O 3 stress on soybeans, emphasising the importance of considering both crop yield and grain quality in assessing O 3 risks to crops.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate ozone enhanced soybean growth parameters.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- moderate O 3 exposuree0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“moderate O 3 exposure enhanced growth parameters but reduced the 100‐grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate ozone reduced soybean 100-grain weight.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- moderate O 3 exposuree0
- Outcome
- 100‐grain weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“moderate O 3 exposure enhanced growth parameters but reduced the 100‐grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Acute severe ozone depressed growth parameters and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- acute severe exposuree0
- Outcome
- growth parameters, yield attributese0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“acute severe exposure sharply depressed growth parameters, yield attributes and the 100‐grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Acute severe ozone depressed 100-grain weight.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- acute severe exposuree0
- Outcome
- 100‐grain weighte0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“acute severe exposure sharply depressed growth parameters, yield attributes and the 100‐grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate ozone significantly increased hydrogen peroxide levels from 4 to 32 hours.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Moderate O 3 fumigatione0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4 to 32 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Moderate O 3 fumigation significantly increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels and catalase (CAT) activity from 4 to 32 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate ozone significantly increased catalase activity from 4 to 32 hours.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Moderate O 3 fumigatione0
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4 to 32 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Moderate O 3 fumigation significantly increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels and catalase (CAT) activity from 4 to 32 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe ozone caused superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide overproduction through nearly the entire experiment.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Acute severe O 3 stresse0
- Outcome
- overproduction of superoxide anions (O 2 .− ) and H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- overproductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Acute severe O 3 stress induced the overproduction of superoxide anions (O 2 .− ) and H 2 O 2 during nearly the whole experiment period”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe ozone enhanced superoxide dismutase activity only at 32 hours.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Acute severe O 3 stresse0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 32 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Acute severe O 3 stress induced the overproduction of superoxide anions (O 2 .− ) and H 2 O 2 during nearly the whole experiment period, but only enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at 32 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe ozone did not stimulate catalase activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Acute severe O 3 stresse0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- no stimulatory effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Acute severe O 3 stress induced the overproduction of superoxide anions (O 2 .− ) and H 2 O 2 during nearly the whole experiment period, but only enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at 32 h, and showed no stimulatory effects on CAT activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone upregulated SOD and CAT gene family expression, peaking at 8 hours.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e0
- Gene
- SOD and CAT gene familye0
- Outcome
- relative expression levelse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 8 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“the relative expression levels of the SOD and CAT gene family in soybean leaves exposed to elevated O 3 were upregulated, peaking at 8 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate ozone enhanced reduced glutathione and ascorbate levels.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Moderate O 3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AsA) levelse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Moderate O 3 treatment enhanced reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AsA) levels and increased the activities of AsA–GSH cycle‐related enzymes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate ozone increased AsA–GSH cycle enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Moderate O 3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of AsA–GSH cycle‐related enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Moderate O 3 treatment enhanced reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AsA) levels and increased the activities of AsA–GSH cycle‐related enzymes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe ozone inhibited glutathione and ascorbate contents.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- acute severe O 3 exposuree0
- Outcome
- GSH and AsA contentse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“acute severe O 3 exposure inhibited GSH and AsA contents and markedly suppressed AsA–GSH cycle‐related enzymes, particularly from 8 to 32 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe ozone suppressed AsA–GSH cycle enzymes, especially at 8 to 32 hours.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- acute severe O 3 exposuree0
- Outcome
- AsA–GSH cycle‐related enzymese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 8 to 32 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“acute severe O 3 exposure inhibited GSH and AsA contents and markedly suppressed AsA–GSH cycle‐related enzymes, particularly from 8 to 32 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
Redundancy analysis identified CAT and AsA as important for scavenging ozone-induced ROS under moderate stress.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Compound
- AsAe0
- Outcome
- scavenging O 3 ‐induced ROSe0
- Qualifier
- under moderate stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Redundancy analysis indicated that CAT and AsA play crucial roles in scavenging O 3 ‐induced ROS under moderate stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Redundancy analysis found APX and GSH more effective under severe stress.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Compound
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and GSH were more effective under acute severe stress conditions.”
The same questions in other papers
ozone · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →ozone · molecular: expression · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →ozone · physiology: enzyme activity · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →ozone · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →ozone · molecular: metabolites · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →ozone · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →ozone · physiology: oxidative · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
9 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.