Abstract
The impact of climate change on agricultural production is apparent due to declining irrigation water availability vis-à-vis rising drought stress, particularly affecting summer crops. Growing evidence suggests that zinc (Zn) supplementation may serve as a potential drought stress management strategy in agriculture. Field studies were conducted using soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba) as a model crop to test whether foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) or conventional Zn fertilizer (ZnSO 4 ) would mitigate drought-related water stress and improve soybean yield. Each fertilizer was foliar applied twice at a two-week interval during the flowering stage. Experiments were concurrently conducted under non-drought conditions (70% field capacity) for comparison. Results showed drought significantly reduced relative water content, chlorophyll-a, and chlorophyll-b in untreated control plants by 35.7%, 47.7%, and 41.4%, respectively, compared to non-drought conditions ( p < 0.05). Under drought conditions, ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) led to 33.1% and 20.7% increase in chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b levels, respectively, compared to ZnSO 4 at 400 mg Zn/L. Likewise, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities increased by 62.6%, 39.5% and 28.5%, respectively, with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) under drought compared to non-drought conditions. Proline was significantly increased under drought but was remarkably suppressed (~ 54% lower) with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) treatment. More importantly, the highest seed yield was observed with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) treatment under drought (39% higher than untreated control) and non-drought (79.4% higher than control) conditions. Overall, the findings suggest that ZnO-NPs could promote seed yield in soybean under drought stress via increased antioxidant activities, increased relative water content, decreased stress-related proline content, and increased photosynthetic pigments. It is recommended that foliar application of 200 mg Zn/L as ZnO-NPs could serve as an effective drought stress management strategy to improve soybean yield.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced relative water content 35.7%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35.7%e0
- Comparator
- non-drought conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought significantly reduced relative water content, chlorophyll-a, and chlorophyll-b in untreated control plants by 35.7%, 47.7%, and 41.4%, respectively, compared to non-drought conditions”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced chlorophyll-a 47.7%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-ae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 47.7%e0
- Comparator
- non-drought conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought significantly reduced relative water content, chlorophyll-a, and chlorophyll-b in untreated control plants by 35.7%, 47.7%, and 41.4%, respectively, compared to non-drought conditions”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced chlorophyll-b 41.4%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-be0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 41.4%e0
- Comparator
- non-drought conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought significantly reduced relative water content, chlorophyll-a, and chlorophyll-b in untreated control plants by 35.7%, 47.7%, and 41.4%, respectively, compared to non-drought conditions”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs raised chlorophyll-a 33.1% versus ZnSO 4 under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-ae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 33.1%e0
- Comparator
- ZnSO 4 at 400 mg Zn/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under drought conditions, ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) led to 33.1% and 20.7% increase in chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b levels, respectively, compared to ZnSO 4 at 400 mg Zn/L”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs raised chlorophyll-b 20.7% versus ZnSO 4 under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-be0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20.7%e0
- Comparator
- ZnSO 4 at 400 mg Zn/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under drought conditions, ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) led to 33.1% and 20.7% increase in chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b levels, respectively, compared to ZnSO 4 at 400 mg Zn/L”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs increased catalase activity 62.6% under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) under droughte0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 62.6%e0
- Comparator
- non-drought conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities increased by 62.6%, 39.5% and 28.5%, respectively, with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) under drought compared to non-drought conditions”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs increased peroxidase activity 39.5% under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) under droughte0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39.5%e0
- Comparator
- non-drought conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities increased by 62.6%, 39.5% and 28.5%, respectively, with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) under drought compared to non-drought conditions”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs increased superoxide dismutase activity 28.5% under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) under droughte0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.5%e0
- Comparator
- non-drought conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities increased by 62.6%, 39.5% and 28.5%, respectively, with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) under drought compared to non-drought conditions”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly increased proline.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- Prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline was significantly increased under drought”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs suppressed proline about 54% under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) treatmente0
- Outcome
- Prolinee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- ~ 54% lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline was significantly increased under drought but was remarkably suppressed (~ 54% lower) with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) treatment”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs increased seed yield 39% under drought versus untreated control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest seed yield was observed with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) treatment under drought (39% higher than untreated control) and non-drought (79.4% higher than control) conditions”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs increased seed yield 79.4% without drought versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 79.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest seed yield was observed with ZnO-NPs (200 mg Zn/L) treatment under drought (39% higher than untreated control) and non-drought (79.4% higher than control) conditions”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend 200 mg Zn/L foliar ZnO-NPs for drought management and soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- foliar application of 200 mg Zn/L as ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- drought stress management strategy to improve soybean yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of 200 mg Zn/L as ZnO-NPs could serve as an effective drought stress management strategy to improve soybean yield”
e1“soybean ( Glycine max var. Saba)”
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