Abstract
To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize, this study explores the dynamic processes of nitrogen accumulation, distribution, and translocation under varying water and nitrogen supplies, aiming to optimize water-nitrogen management practices. Field trials were conducted in Karamay, Xinjiang, in 2022 and 2023, with different irrigation levels (75 % ET c , 100 % ET c , 125 % ET c ) and nitrogen application rates (0, 93, 186, 279 kg Nhm −2 ). The effects of water and nitrogen supply on nitrogen accumulation and distribution in aboveground maize organs were analyzed, and the dynamic characteristics of maize nitrogen accumulation were examined using the characteristic parameters of the Richards nitrogen accumulation equation. The results showed that beyond the W2N2 treatment (irrigation at 100 % ET c and nitrogen application of 186 kg N hm −2 ), increases in irrigation and nitrogen did not significantly enhance nitrogen accumulation per plant. Under W2N2, high levels of nitrogen were accumulated in maize leaf, stem, bract, cob, and grain. The nitrogen transfer among different organs and their contribution to grain nitrogen showed the following hierarchy: leaf > stem > cob > bract, with the contribution rates to grain nitrogen ranging from 26.16 % to 56.23 % over the two years. The Richards model accurately quantified the dynamic relationship between water-nitrogen supply and crop nitrogen accumulation, with the coefficient of determination ( R ²) ranging from 0.9864 to 0.9999 and the normalized root mean square error ( NRMSE ) from 0.70 % to 6.51 %. Optimal water-nitrogen supply significantly reduced the accumulated temperature required for maize to enter the rapid nitrogen accumulation phase and achieve maximum growth rates, while extending the duration of the rapid growth phase and increasing both the maximum growth rate and the average growth rate during this period. Grain nitrogen accumulation was positively correlated with nitrogen accumulation rates, as well as nitrogen accumulation and translocation in various organs. Under suitable irrigation and nitrogen application, the interactive effects of water and nitrogen (W × N) significantly increased both nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen accumulation rates, laying a foundation for nitrogen translocation to grains in the late growth stages and enhancing grain nitrogen accumulation. Thus, appropriate water and nitrogen supply can significantly influence nitrogen accumulation, distribution, and translocation processes in maize, regulating grain nitrogen accumulation. This study provides valuable information for nitrogen accumulation regulation and grain quality improvement in maize in Xinjiang and other regions with similar climatic conditions. • The interactive effects of water and nitrogen influence the dynamics of nitrogen accumulation and translocation. • Grain nitrogen accumulation is contingent upon the nitrogen accrued and allocated across various maize organs. • The Richards model is capable of accurately quantifying the dynamic process of nitrogen accumulation. • Optimizing water and nitrogen supply can regulate the dynamic process of nitrogen accumulation in maize.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Beyond the W2N2 treatment, increased irrigation and nitrogen did not significantly enhance nitrogen accumulation per plant in maize.
- Treatment
- increases in irrigation and nitrogene1
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulation per plante1
- Direction
- did not significantly enhancee1
- Comparator
- W2N2 treatmente1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“beyond the W2N2 treatment (irrigation at 100 % ET c and nitrogen application of 186 kg N hm −2 ), increases in irrigation and nitrogen did not significantly enhance nitrogen accumulation per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Under W2N2, high levels of nitrogen accumulated in maize leaf, stem, bract, cob and grain.
- Organ / stage
- leaf, stem, bract, cob, and graine1
- Treatment
- W2N2e1
- Outcome
- high levels of nitrogen were accumulatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“Under W2N2, high levels of nitrogen were accumulated in maize leaf, stem, bract, cob, and grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Contribution rates to grain nitrogen in maize ranged from 26.16 % to 56.23 % over the two years.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“with the contribution rates to grain nitrogen ranging from 26.16 % to 56.23 % over the two years”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen transfer among maize organs followed the hierarchy leaf > stem > cob > bract.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“The nitrogen transfer among different organs and their contribution to grain nitrogen showed the following hierarchy: leaf > stem > cob > bract”
Claim · model-written summary
The Richards model reached a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9864 to 0.9999 for maize nitrogen accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“the coefficient of determination ( R ²) ranging from 0.9864 to 0.9999”
Claim · model-written summary
The Richards model had a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 0.70 % to 6.51 % for maize nitrogen accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“the normalized root mean square error ( NRMSE ) from 0.70 % to 6.51 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal water-nitrogen supply significantly reduced the accumulated temperature maize required to enter the rapid nitrogen accumulation phase.
- Treatment
- Optimal water-nitrogen supplye1
- Outcome
- accumulated temperature required for maize to enter the rapid nitrogen accumulation phasee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Optimal water-nitrogen supply significantly reduced the accumulated temperature required for maize to enter the rapid nitrogen accumulation phase”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal water-nitrogen supply extended the duration of the rapid growth phase in maize.
- Treatment
- Optimal water-nitrogen supplye1
- Outcome
- duration of the rapid growth phasee2
- Direction
- extendinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Optimal water-nitrogen supply significantly reduced the accumulated temperature required for maize to enter the rapid nitrogen accumulation phase”
e2“while extending the duration of the rapid growth phase”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal water-nitrogen supply increased both the maximum growth rate and the average growth rate during the rapid growth phase in maize.
- Treatment
- Optimal water-nitrogen supplye1
- Outcome
- the maximum growth rate and the average growth rate during this periode2
- Direction
- increasinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Optimal water-nitrogen supply significantly reduced the accumulated temperature required for maize to enter the rapid nitrogen accumulation phase”
e2“increasing both the maximum growth rate and the average growth rate during this period”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain nitrogen accumulation in maize was positively correlated with nitrogen accumulation rates.
- Organ / stage
- Graine1
- Outcome
- Grain nitrogen accumulatione1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
- Qualifier
- nitrogen accumulation ratese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“Grain nitrogen accumulation was positively correlated with nitrogen accumulation rates, as well as nitrogen accumulation and translocation in various organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain nitrogen accumulation in maize was positively correlated with nitrogen accumulation and translocation in various organs.
- Organ / stage
- Graine1
- Outcome
- Grain nitrogen accumulatione1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
- Qualifier
- nitrogen accumulation and translocation in various organse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“Grain nitrogen accumulation was positively correlated with nitrogen accumulation rates, as well as nitrogen accumulation and translocation in various organs”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive effects of water and nitrogen significantly increased both nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen accumulation rates in maize.
- Treatment
- interactive effects of water and nitrogen (W × N)e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen accumulation ratese1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To improve nitrogen uptake and grain quality in maize”
e1“the interactive effects of water and nitrogen (W × N) significantly increased both nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen accumulation rates”
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