Abstract
The effect of fungicides on the plant-rhizosphere microbiome is a subject of ongoing debate, but whether any alteration in the rhizosphere microbiome could affect plant health is an issue that has not been thoroughly investigated. To address this deficiency, we analyzed the rhizosphere microbiome of wilt disease—resistant and disease-susceptible cucumber cultivars to determine whether (and which) plant-associated microorganisms have a role in disease resistance. We further assessed whether the fungicides thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim affect the rhizosphere microbiome, which may contribute to the plant’s immune response. Based on results acquired with both radicle-inoculation and soil-inoculation methods, cultivars Longyuanxiuchun (LYXC) and Shuyan2 (SY2) were identified as being disease resistant, whereas Zhongnong6 (ZN6) and Zhongnong38 (ZN38) were susceptible. The microbiome structure differed substantially between the resistant and susceptible plants, with LYXC and SY2 each having a significantly greater Shannon index than Zhongnong38. These results revealed that the disease-resistant cucumber cultivars recruited more beneficial bacteria, i.e., Bacillus , in their rhizosphere soil; as such, Bacillus was identified as a keystone genus in the microbial co-occurrence network. Thus, the presence of Bacillus may help cucumbers defend against fungal pathogens within the rhizosphere. Bacillus subtilis strain LD15, which was isolated from LYXC rhizosphere soil, could suppress pathogen growth, in vitro, and reduce disease severity in pot assays. Moreover, evidence also confirmed the accumulation of LD1 in the rhizosphere soil of resistant cucumber cultivars. For LYXC, application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure, decreased bacterial diversity, and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species. Finally, pot assays verified that fungicide application decreased the proportion of LD15 in rhizosphere soil. From a microbial perspective, thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim may weaken the rhizobacteria-mediated defense response of cucumbers against cucumber Fusarium wilt disease. Our findings reveal a role for the rhizosphere microbiome in protecting plants from pathogens and constitute a reference for assessing the ecotoxicological risk of pesticides to non-target soil microorganisms.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Longyuanxiuchun and Shuyan2 resisted wilt in both inoculation assays.
- Taxon
- cucumbers
Cucumis sativust0 - Material
- Longyuanxiuchun (LYXC) and Shuyan2 (SY2)e0
- Outcome
- disease resistante0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on results acquired with both radicle-inoculation and soil-inoculation methods, cultivars Longyuanxiuchun (LYXC) and Shuyan2 (SY2) were identified as being disease resistant”
t0“cucumbers”
t1“Fusarium wilt”
Claim · model-written summary
Zhongnong6 and Zhongnong38 were susceptible.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Material
- Zhongnong6 (ZN6) and Zhongnong38 (ZN38)e0
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas Zhongnong6 (ZN6) and Zhongnong38 (ZN38) were susceptible”
t0“cucumbers”
t1“Fusarium wilt”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant and susceptible plants differed substantially in microbiome structure.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- microbiome structuree0
- Comparator
- resistant and susceptible plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The microbiome structure differed substantially between the resistant and susceptible plants”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
LYXC and SY2 each had a significantly greater Shannon index than Zhongnong38.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Material
- LYXC and SY2e0
- Outcome
- Shannon indexe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- Zhongnong38e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LYXC and SY2 each having a significantly greater Shannon index than Zhongnong38”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease-resistant cultivars recruited more beneficial Bacillus bacteria in rhizosphere soil.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0symbiont
- Outcome
- beneficial bacteriae0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the disease-resistant cucumber cultivars recruited more beneficial bacteria, i.e., Bacillus , in their rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus was a keystone genus in the microbial co-occurrence network.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0symbiont
- Outcome
- keystone genus in the microbial co-occurrence networke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus was identified as a keystone genus in the microbial co-occurrence network”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis LD15 suppressed pathogen growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis strain LD15e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis strain LD15
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- pathogen growthe0
- Direction
- suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus subtilis strain LD15, which was isolated from LYXC rhizosphere soil, could suppress pathogen growth, in vitro”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis LD15 reduced disease severity in pot assays.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis strain LD15e0
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilis strain LD15Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus subtilis strain LD15, which was isolated from LYXC rhizosphere soil, could suppress pathogen growth, in vitro, and reduce disease severity in pot assays”
t0“cucumbers”
t1“Fusarium wilt”
Claim · model-written summary
LD1 accumulated in resistant cucumber rhizosphere soil.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Interactor
- LD1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of LD1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accumulation of LD1 in the rhizosphere soil of resistant cucumber cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
thiophanate-methyl altered microbiome structure in LYXC rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Material
- LYXCe0
- Treatment
- thiophanate-methyle0
- Outcome
- microbiome structuree0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For LYXC, application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure, decreased bacterial diversity, and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
thiophanate-methyl decreased bacterial diversity in LYXC rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Material
- LYXCe0
- Treatment
- thiophanate-methyle0
- Outcome
- bacterial diversitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For LYXC, application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure, decreased bacterial diversity, and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
thiophanate-methyl reduced Bacillus abundance in LYXC rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Material
- LYXCe0
- Treatment
- thiophanate-methyle0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0symbiont
- Outcome
- abundance of Bacillus speciese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For LYXC, application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure, decreased bacterial diversity, and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
carbendazim altered microbiome structure in LYXC rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Material
- LYXCe0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Outcome
- microbiome structuree0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For LYXC, application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure, decreased bacterial diversity, and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
carbendazim decreased bacterial diversity in LYXC rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Material
- LYXCe0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Outcome
- bacterial diversitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For LYXC, application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure, decreased bacterial diversity, and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
carbendazim reduced Bacillus abundance in LYXC rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Material
- LYXCe0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0symbiont
- Outcome
- abundance of Bacillus speciese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For LYXC, application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure, decreased bacterial diversity, and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species”
t0“cucumbers”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide application decreased the LD15 proportion in rhizosphere soil.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- fungicide applicatione0
- Interactor
- LD15e0symbiont
- Outcome
- proportion of LD15 in rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungicide application decreased the proportion of LD15 in rhizosphere soil”
t0“cucumbers”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus subtilis · Fusarium · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
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- positive
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- positive
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.