Abstract
Abstract Water scarcity and soil carbon dioxide elevation in arid regions are considered the most serious factors affecting crop growth and productivity. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of elevated CO 2 levels (eCO 2 at rates of 700 and 1000 ppm) on agro-physiological attributes to induce drought tolerance in cucumbers by activating the expression of genes related to aquaporin and stress response, which improved the yield of cucumber under two levels of irrigation water conditions [75% and 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)]. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with controlled internal climate conditions, at the Mohamed Naguib sector of the national company for protected agriculture, during the winter seasons of 2021–2022 and 2022–2023. The treatments included eCO 2 in soil under normal and partial root zoon drying (PRD, 100% ETc Full irrigations, and 75% ETc). All the applied treatments were organized as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and each treatment was replicated six times. Untreated plants were designed as control treatment (CO 2 concentration was 400 ppm). The results of this study showed that elevating CO 2 at 700 and 1000 ppm in soil significantly increased plant growth parameters, photosynthesis measurements, and phytohormones [indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3)], under partial root-zone drying (75% ETc) and full irrigation conditions (100% ETc). Under PRD condition, eCO 2 at 700 ppm significantly improved plant height (13.68%), number of shoots (19.88%), Leaf greenness index (SPAD value, 16.60%), root length (24.88%), fresh weight (64.77%) and dry weight (61.25%) of cucumber plant, when compared to untreated plants. The pervious treatment also increased photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO 2 concentration by 50.65%, 15.30% and 12.18%; respectively, compared to the control treatment. Similar findings were observed in nutrient concentration, carbohydrate content, Proline, total antioxidants in the leaf, and nutrients. In contrast, eCO 2 at 700 ppm in the soil reduced the values of transpiration rate (6.33%) and Abscisic acid (ABA, 34.03%) content in cucumber leaves compared to untreated plants under both water levels. Furthermore, the results revealed that the gene transcript levels of the aquaporin-related genes ( CsPIP1-2 and CsTIP4 ) significantly increased compared with a well-watered condition. The transcript levels of CsPIP improved the contribution rate of cell water transportation (intermediated by aquaporin’s genes) and root or leaf hydraulic conductivity. The quantitative real-time PCR expression results revealed the upregulation of CsAGO1 stress-response genes in plants exposed to 700 ppm CO 2 . In conclusion, elevating CO 2 at 700 ppm in the soil might be a promising technique to enhance the growth and productivity of cucumber plants in addition to alleviating the adverse effects of drought stresses.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated soil CO2 at 700 and 1000 ppm significantly increased growth parameters, photosynthesis measurements and phytohormones in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- elevating CO 2 at 700 and 1000 ppm in soile1
- Outcome
- plant growth parameters, photosynthesis measurements, and phytohormonese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- under partial root-zone drying (75% ETc) and full irrigation conditions (100% ETc)e2
- Comparator
- Untreated plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e1“elevating CO 2 at 700 and 1000 ppm in soil significantly increased plant growth parameters, photosynthesis measurements, and phytohormones”
e2“under partial root-zone drying (75% ETc) and full irrigation conditions (100% ETc)”
e3“Untreated plants were designed as control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PRD, eCO2 at 700 ppm improved plant height by 13.68%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 at 700 ppme2
- Outcome
- plant heighte2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 13.68%e2
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e2“Under PRD condition, eCO 2 at 700 ppm significantly improved plant height (13.68%), number of shoots (19.88%), Leaf greenness index (SPAD value, 16.60%), root length (24.88%), fresh weight (64.77%) and dry weight (61.25%) of cucumber plant, when compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PRD, eCO2 at 700 ppm improved number of shoots by 19.88%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 at 700 ppme2
- Outcome
- number of shootse2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 19.88%e2
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e2“Under PRD condition, eCO 2 at 700 ppm significantly improved plant height (13.68%), number of shoots (19.88%), Leaf greenness index (SPAD value, 16.60%), root length (24.88%), fresh weight (64.77%) and dry weight (61.25%) of cucumber plant, when compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PRD, eCO2 at 700 ppm improved leaf greenness index (SPAD) by 16.60%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 at 700 ppme2
- Outcome
- Leaf greenness indexe2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 16.60%e2
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e2“Under PRD condition, eCO 2 at 700 ppm significantly improved plant height (13.68%), number of shoots (19.88%), Leaf greenness index (SPAD value, 16.60%), root length (24.88%), fresh weight (64.77%) and dry weight (61.25%) of cucumber plant, when compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PRD, eCO2 at 700 ppm improved root length by 24.88%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 at 700 ppme2
- Outcome
- root lengthe2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 24.88%e2
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e2“Under PRD condition, eCO 2 at 700 ppm significantly improved plant height (13.68%), number of shoots (19.88%), Leaf greenness index (SPAD value, 16.60%), root length (24.88%), fresh weight (64.77%) and dry weight (61.25%) of cucumber plant, when compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PRD, eCO2 at 700 ppm improved fresh weight by 64.77%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 at 700 ppme2
- Outcome
- fresh weighte2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 64.77%e2
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e2“Under PRD condition, eCO 2 at 700 ppm significantly improved plant height (13.68%), number of shoots (19.88%), Leaf greenness index (SPAD value, 16.60%), root length (24.88%), fresh weight (64.77%) and dry weight (61.25%) of cucumber plant, when compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PRD, eCO2 at 700 ppm improved dry weight by 61.25%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 at 700 ppme2
- Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 61.25%e2
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e2“Under PRD condition, eCO 2 at 700 ppm significantly improved plant height (13.68%), number of shoots (19.88%), Leaf greenness index (SPAD value, 16.60%), root length (24.88%), fresh weight (64.77%) and dry weight (61.25%) of cucumber plant, when compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The previous treatment increased photosynthesis rate by 50.65% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- pervious treatmente3
- Outcome
- photosynthesis ratee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 50.65%e3
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e3“The pervious treatment also increased photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO 2 concentration by 50.65%, 15.30% and 12.18%; respectively, compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The previous treatment increased stomatal conductance by 15.30% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- pervious treatmente3
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 15.30%e3
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e3“The pervious treatment also increased photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO 2 concentration by 50.65%, 15.30% and 12.18%; respectively, compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The previous treatment increased intercellular CO2 concentration by 12.18% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- pervious treatmente3
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2 concentratione3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 12.18%e3
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e3“The pervious treatment also increased photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO 2 concentration by 50.65%, 15.30% and 12.18%; respectively, compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient concentration, carbohydrate content and proline were similarly increased by the elevated CO2 treatment.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- nutrient concentration, carbohydrate content, Prolinee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e4“Similar findings were observed in nutrient concentration, carbohydrate content, Proline, total antioxidants in the leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Total antioxidants in the leaf were similarly affected by the elevated CO2 treatment.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- total antioxidants in the leafe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e4“Similar findings were observed in nutrient concentration, carbohydrate content, Proline, total antioxidants in the leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
eCO2 at 700 ppm in soil reduced transpiration rate by 6.33% compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 at 700 ppm in the soile5
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 6.33%e5
- Comparator
- untreated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e5“In contrast, eCO 2 at 700 ppm in the soil reduced the values of transpiration rate (6.33%) and Abscisic acid (ABA, 34.03%) content in cucumber leaves compared to untreated plants under both water levels”
Claim · model-written summary
eCO2 at 700 ppm in soil reduced abscisic acid content by 34.03% in cucumber leaves compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 at 700 ppm in the soile5
- Outcome
- Abscisic acide5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 34.03%e5
- Comparator
- untreated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e5“In contrast, eCO 2 at 700 ppm in the soil reduced the values of transpiration rate (6.33%) and Abscisic acid (ABA, 34.03%) content in cucumber leaves compared to untreated plants under both water levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Aquaporin gene transcript levels of CsPIP1-2 and CsTIP4 significantly increased compared with well-watered plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Gene
- CsPIP1-2 and CsTIP4e6
- Outcome
- gene transcript levelse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- well-watered conditione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e6“the gene transcript levels of the aquaporin-related genes ( CsPIP1-2 and CsTIP4 ) significantly increased compared with a well-watered condition”
Claim · model-written summary
CsPIP transcript levels are associated with higher contribution rate of cell water transportation and hydraulic conductivity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Gene
- CsPIPe7
- Outcome
- contribution rate of cell water transportatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e7“The transcript levels of CsPIP improved the contribution rate of cell water transportation”
Claim · model-written summary
CsAGO1 stress-response genes were upregulated in plants exposed to 700 ppm CO2.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- plants exposed to 700 ppm CO 2e1
- Gene
- CsAGO1e1
- Outcome
- stress-response genese1
- Direction
- upregulatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in cucumber plants”
e1“The quantitative real-time PCR expression results revealed the upregulation of CsAGO1 stress-response genes in plants exposed to 700 ppm CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated soil CO2 at 700 ppm might enhance growth and productivity of cucumber plants.
- Taxon
- cucumber plantsCucumis sativuse1
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“might be a promising technique to enhance the growth and productivity of cucumber plants”
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