Abstract
Greenhouse and field studies investigated the phytoextraction potential of soil cadmium (Cd) by Tagetes erecta L., a popular ornamental flower in Asia. The effects of organic fertilizer, cattle manure, and pig manure in supporting plant growth and enhancing Cd uptake were also examined. Plants grown in soil supplemented with pig manure produced greatest biomass (12.8 ± 1.6 and 11.8 ± 0.9 g plant −1 in greenhouse and field experiments, respectively). Plant parts accumulated Cd in the order: shoot > root > flower in all treatments. Furthermore, T. erecta had a high phytoextraction potential as evidenced by translocation factors and enrichment coefficients > 1 for shoots. Marigolds cultivated in Cd-contaminated soil supplemented with organic fertilizer (CdOrg) exhibited Cd concentrations in flowers below the Maximum Permissible Level for consumption (< 0.2 mg kg −1 ), indicating that the edible flowers pose no health risk to humans. The flowers additionally contained significant quantities of total phenolics and phenolic acids, which may indicate their potential as an indicator of Cd-initiated oxidative stress. The phenolic compounds can furthermore function as precursors for manufactured medicinal products by acting as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Application of organic fertilizer and selected organic amendments may have contributed to the greater concentrations of phenolics. The Cd alone treatment resulted in lowest production of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. It is proposed that T. erecta be applied for Cd phytoextraction while enhancing local economies as an ornamental species, and for plant extracts for application of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure produced the greatest biomass in greenhouse and field experiments.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Plants grown in soil supplemented with pig manure produced greatest biomass (12.8 ± 1.6 and 11.8 ± 0.9 g plant −1 in greenhouse and field experiments, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium accumulation ranked shoot above root above flower.
- Taxon
- Tagetes erecta
Tagetes erectat0 - Organ / stage
- shoot > root > flowere0
- Outcome
- Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant parts accumulated Cd in the order: shoot > root > flower in all treatments.”
t0“Tagetes erecta”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot translocation and enrichment coefficients exceeded one.
- Taxon
- Tagetes erectaTagetes erectat0
- Outcome
- translocation factors and enrichment coefficientse0
- Value
- > 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“translocation factors and enrichment coefficients > 1 for shoots”
t0“Tagetes erecta”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowers under organic fertilizer had cadmium below the consumption limit.
- Treatment
- organic fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Cd concentrations in flowerse0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- < 0.2 mg kg −1e0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
TagetesOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Marigolds cultivated in Cd-contaminated soil supplemented with organic fertilizer (CdOrg) exhibited Cd concentrations in flowers below the Maximum Permissible Level for consumption (< 0.2 mg kg −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowers contained substantial total phenolics and phenolic acids.
- Taxon
- Tagetes erectaTagetes erectat0
- Organ / stage
- flowerse0
- Outcome
- total phenolics and phenolic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The flowers additionally contained significant quantities of total phenolics and phenolic acids”
t0“Tagetes erecta”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendments may have raised phenolic concentrations.
- Taxon
- Tagetes erectaTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizer and selected organic amendmentse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of phenolicse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of organic fertilizer and selected organic amendments may have contributed to the greater concentrations of phenolics.”
t0“Tagetes erecta”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium alone produced the lowest bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- Tagetes erectaTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- Cd alonee0
- Outcome
- bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cd alone treatment resulted in lowest production of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity.”
t0“Tagetes erecta”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose using T. erecta for cadmium extraction and ornamental and extract applications.
- Taxon
- T. erectaTagetes erectae0
- Outcome
- Cd phytoextractione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is proposed that T. erecta be applied for Cd phytoextraction while enhancing local economies as an ornamental species, and for plant extracts for application of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity.”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · quality: phytochemicals · Tagetes erecta (African marigold)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.