Abstract
Exposure to pesticides is one potential factor contributing to the recent loss of pollinators and pollinator diversity. Few studies have specifically focused on the relationship between pesticide management during ornamental plant production and contamination of nectar. We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires' (Salvia longispicata M. Martens & Galeotti × S. farinacea Benth.) associated with applications of the systemic insecticide thiamethoxam, and the nonsystemic fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin. Applications were made at the labeled rates for the commercially available products, and we compared the influence of application method (drench vs. spray), timing (relative to flowering), and rate (low vs. high) for each pesticide. Nectar was sampled using 50-µL microcapillary tubes and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicate that concentrations from the spray application resulted in the least contamination of nectar with the systemic thiamethoxam, with lower concentrations occurring when thiamethoxam was applied before blooming at the lowest rate. Concentrations of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were detected in nectar in all treatments (regardless of the method, timing, or rate of application), and ranged from 3.6 ± 0.5 ng/mL (spray-applied before blooming, low rate) to 1720.0 ± 80.9 ng/mL (drench-applied after blooming, high rate). Residues of clothianidin in nectar ranged from below quantification limits (spray-applied before blooming, low rate) to 81.2 ± 4.6 ng/mL (drench-applied after blooming, high rate). Drench applications resulted in the highest levels of nectar contamination with thiamethoxam, and exceeded published median lethal concentrations (LC50s/median lethal doses for native bees and/or honeybees in all cases). Spray treatments resulted in nectar concentrations exceeding published LC50s for some bee species. In comparison, all nonsystemic treatments resulted in concentrations much lower than the published no-observable-effect doses and sublethal toxicity values, indicating low risks of toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2616-2627. © 2024 SETAC.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Spray application resulted in the least contamination of Salvia nectar with systemic thiamethoxam compared with drench application.
- Treatment
- spray applicatione1
- Outcome
- contamination of nectar with the systemic thiamethoxame1
- Direction
- leaste1
- Comparator
- drenche2
SalviaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“concentrations from the spray application resulted in the least contamination of nectar with the systemic thiamethoxam”
e2“we compared the influence of application method (drench vs. spray)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower thiamethoxam concentrations in Salvia nectar occurred when thiamethoxam was applied before blooming at the lowest rate.
- Treatment
- thiamethoxam was applied before blooming at the lowest ratee1
- Outcome
- concentrationse1
- Direction
- lowere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“lower concentrations occurring when thiamethoxam was applied before blooming at the lowest rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were detected in Salvia nectar in all treatments regardless of method, timing or rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“Concentrations of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were detected in nectar in all treatments (regardless of the method, timing, or rate of application)”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest nectar concentration of thiamethoxam and clothianidin was 3.6 ± 0.5 ng/mL, after spray application before blooming at the low rate.
- Treatment
- spray-applied before blooming, low ratee1
- Outcome
- Concentrations of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidine1
- Value
- 3.6 ± 0.5 ng/mLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“Concentrations of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were detected in nectar in all treatments (regardless of the method, timing, or rate of application), and ranged from 3.6 ± 0.5 ng/mL (spray-applied before blooming, low rate) to 1720.0 ± 80.9 ng/mL (drench-applied after blooming, high rate)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest nectar concentration of thiamethoxam and clothianidin was 1720.0 ± 80.9 ng/mL, after drench application after blooming at the high rate.
- Treatment
- drench-applied after blooming, high ratee1
- Outcome
- Concentrations of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidine1
- Value
- 1720.0 ± 80.9 ng/mLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“Concentrations of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were detected in nectar in all treatments (regardless of the method, timing, or rate of application), and ranged from 3.6 ± 0.5 ng/mL (spray-applied before blooming, low rate) to 1720.0 ± 80.9 ng/mL (drench-applied after blooming, high rate)”
Claim · model-written summary
Clothianidin residues in Salvia nectar were below quantification limits after spray application before blooming at the low rate.
- Treatment
- spray-applied before blooming, low ratee1
- Outcome
- Residues of clothianidin in nectare1
- Value
- below quantification limitse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“Residues of clothianidin in nectar ranged from below quantification limits (spray-applied before blooming, low rate) to 81.2 ± 4.6 ng/mL (drench-applied after blooming, high rate)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest clothianidin residue in Salvia nectar was 81.2 ± 4.6 ng/mL, after drench application after blooming at the high rate.
- Treatment
- drench-applied after blooming, high ratee1
- Outcome
- Residues of clothianidin in nectare1
- Value
- 81.2 ± 4.6 ng/mLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“Residues of clothianidin in nectar ranged from below quantification limits (spray-applied before blooming, low rate) to 81.2 ± 4.6 ng/mL (drench-applied after blooming, high rate)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drench applications resulted in the highest levels of Salvia nectar contamination with thiamethoxam.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“Drench applications resulted in the highest levels of nectar contamination with thiamethoxam”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamethoxam concentrations in nectar after drench applications exceeded published median lethal concentrations for native bees and/or honeybees in all cases.
- Treatment
- Drench applicationse1
- Interactor
- native bees and/or honeybeese1pollinator
- Outcome
- nectar contamination with thiamethoxame1
- Direction
- exceedede1
- Comparator
- published median lethal concentrationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“Drench applications resulted in the highest levels of nectar contamination with thiamethoxam, and exceeded published median lethal concentrations (LC50s/median lethal doses for native bees and/or honeybees in all cases)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray treatments produced nectar concentrations exceeding published LC50s for some bee species.
- Treatment
- Spray treatmentse1
- Interactor
- some bee speciese1pollinator
- Outcome
- nectar concentrationse1
- Direction
- exceedinge1
- Comparator
- published LC50se1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“Spray treatments resulted in nectar concentrations exceeding published LC50s for some bee species”
Claim · model-written summary
All nonsystemic fungicide treatments gave nectar concentrations much lower than published no-observable-effect doses and sublethal toxicity values, indicating low toxicity risk.
- Treatment
- nonsystemic treatmentse1
- Outcome
- concentrationse1
- Direction
- much lowere1
- Comparator
- published no-observable-effect doses and sublethal toxicity valuese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires'”
e1“all nonsystemic treatments resulted in concentrations much lower than the published no-observable-effect doses and sublethal toxicity values”
The same questions in other papers
application · molecular: metabolites · Salvia (sages)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.